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1、Classifying SpeechActsLICHENAbriefintroductiontomylecture1.Searle’sclassificationofspeechacts2.TheapplicationofspeechactsinliteratureSearle’sclassificationofspeechacts1.Representatives/Assertives(阐述类)2.Expressives(表达类)3.Directives(指令类)4.Commissives(承诺类)5.Declara
2、tions(宣告类)Representatives(Assertives)Definition:thosekindsofspeechactsthatstatesthatthespeakeriscommittedinvariouswaystothetruthofastatement.Stating,believing,swearing,hypothesizingareamongthemosttypicaloftherepresentatives.e.g.Ithinkthefilmismoving.I’mcertainIh
3、aveneverseenthemanbefore.Isolemnlyswearthathehadgotit.…BRBRIDEWARS-Narrator:IthinkIwouldhaveseenthesignsifI'dbeenthere.我想如果当初我要在场，早就看出苗头了。It'sallrightthere.LookatEmma'seyes.Likeahunter's.一清二楚，看看Emma的眼神，猎人般凌厉。AndLiv'shand.Howwouldyoulikethatclaspedaroundyourthroa
4、t?看看Liv的手，你想让这样的手扣住你的喉咙吗？Notthateitherofthemcanimaginehurtingeachotheratthispoint.那时候她们根本无法想象会伤害对方。Whyshouldthey?They'vebeeninseparablefor20years.1.Aninterestingproblemmayarisewhen,inafirst-personnarrative,therepresentativespeechactsofthenarratorsuggestaworldview
5、atoddswithourown.Sheinterpretseventsinawaywhichwemightnot.2.Wewillseethatafirst-personnarratorcannotsaythingsthatshowinnerknowledgeofacharacter’smind.HeartofDarkness,whosays:Buthissoulwasmad.Beingaloneinthewilderness,ithadlookedwithinitself,and,byheavens!Itellyou
6、,ithadgonemad.Ihad–formysins,Isuppose–togothroughtheordealoflookingintoitmyself(1902/1983:108).ThemorbidityofthesyntactictoshowthatKurtz’spsychologicalstateismorbid.ExpressivesDefinition:thoseutterancesstatingthatthespeakerexpressesanattitudeaboutthesituation.Th
7、isspeechexpressaninnerstateofthespeaker;theexpressionisessentiallysubjectiveandtellsusnotingabouttheworld.Theyexpresspsychologicalstatesandcanbestatementofpleasure,pain,likes,dislikes,joy,orsorrow.e.g.Congratulations!I’msorryforbeinglate.Iapologizeforthesufferin
8、gsthatthewarhascausedtoyourpeople.…Onemayfindmoreoftheminthediscourseofcharacterswithinfictionthaninthenarratorialvoice,≠expressivesdon’tappearinthenarratives.Eg.Ellis’
