IMPLICATURE 语用学.ppt

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1、IMPLICATUREGroup:王莉王妍琨廖晶刘靓利DefinitionofimplicatureGeneralizedimplicatureParticularizedimplicatureHowtodistinguishimplicatureandpresuppositionoverviewdefinitionImplicatureisatechnicalterminthepragmaticssubfieldoflinguistics,coinedbyH.P.Grice,whichreferstowhatissuggestedinanutterance,

2、eventhoughneitherexpressednorstrictlyimpliedbytheutterance.Carmen:Didyougetthemilkandtheeggs?Dave:Igotthemilk.(DidDavebuytheeggs?)→Davedidnotbuytheeggs.Carmen:Didyoumanagetofixthatleak?Dave:Itriedto.(DidDavefixtheleak?)→Davedidnotfixtheleak.(c)Carmen:Ihearyou’veinviteMatandChris.Dav

3、e:Ididn’tinviteMat.(DidDaveinviteChris?)→DaveinvitedChris.SignificanceoftheNotionofImplicatureThenotionofimplicatureprovidessomeexplicitaccountofhowitispossibletomeanmorethanwhatisactually“said”,ormorethanwhatisliterallyexpressed.A:Shallweholdthefootballmatchtomorrow?B:Itisraining.S

4、emanticandliteralmeaning:hisanswerunrelatedtothequestion.Intendedmeaning:thefootballmatchwillbecanceledasgroundiswetandslipperyaftertherain.ConclusionThereisagapbetweenwhatisliterallysaidandwhatisimplied.Sointhiscase,implicaturehelpstoexplainhowsomeseeminglyunrelatedsentencescometom

5、eanthesame.Withthehelpofcontext,theuseofimplicaturemakesourlanguageusemorecolorful.Wemayexpressthesamemeaningindifferentwaystosuitappropriatecontext.(何自然)ScalarimplicaturesIfyouwereJane,whatimplicatureswouldyouhavedrawnfromeachofSteve’sresponses?Jane:Whousedalltheprinterpaper?Steve:

6、Iusedsomeofit.Jane:Ihearyou’realwayslatewiththerent.Steve:Well,sometimesIam.Implicatures:a.Stevedidnotusealloftheprinterpaper,onlysomeofit.b.Steveisnotalwayslatewiththerent,onlysometimes.Theseresponsesaretrueintechnically.However,fromapragmaticpointofview,Steve’sutteranceshavecertai

7、nlymisledJanebecauseoftheimplicaturesthatpeoplenormallydrawinthesecircumstances.Steve’strickeryinvolvedwhatwecallScalarimplicatures.AllofSteve’sresponsesusewordsthatparticipateinascaleofvalues:Scaleofquantity:somemostallScaleoffrequency:sometimesoftenalwaysScaleofcoldness:coolcoldfr

8、eezingWenormallyass