资源描述：
《语言学Pragmatics语用学.ppt》由会员上传分享，免费在线阅读，更多相关内容在应用文档-天天文库。
1、PragmaticsPreview:Invisiblemeaning(隐含意义)Context(语境)Deixis(指示语)Reference(指称)Anaphora(照应)Presupposition(预设)Speechacts(言语行为)Politeness(礼貌原则)Pragmatics：Itreferstothestudyof“intendedspeakermeaning”.Invisiblemeaning隐含意义Inorderforustorecognizetheinvisiblemeaning,the
2、writersmustbeabletodependonalotofsharedassumptionsandexpectations.Then,weusethemeaningofthewords,incombination,andthecontextinwhichtheyoccur,andwetrytoarrivedatwhatthewriterofthesignintendedhismessagetoconvey.Context语境Therearedifferentkindsofcontext.Onekindis
3、describedaslinguisticcontext,alsoknownasco-text.Moregenerally,weknowhowtointerpretwordsonthebasisofphysicalcontext.Co-textTheco-textofawordisthesetofotherwordsusedinthesamephraseorsentence.Thesurroundingco-texthasastrongeffectonwhatwethinkthewordmeans.BankIne
4、edtogotothebanktowithdrawsomecash.It’sonthenorthbankoftheThames.Thegirlsrandownthesteepgrassybank.Hehasabankofknowledge.thesideofariver,canal,etc.andthelandnearitanorganizationthatprovidesvariousfinancialservicesanamountofsththatiscollected;aplacewheresthisst
5、oredreadyforusearaisedareaofgroundthatslopesatthesides,oftenattheedgeofsthordividingsthPhysicalcontextOurunderstandingofmuchofwhatwereadandhearistiedtothephysicalcontext,particularlythetimeandplace,inwhichweencounterlinguisticexpressions.Deixis指示语Persondeixis
6、:it,this,me,you,him,them,etc.Spatialdeixis:here,there,nearthat,etc.Temporaldeixis:now,then,tonight,lastweek,etc.You’llhavetobringitbacktomorrowbecausesheisn’theretoday.PersondeixisPersondeixisPersondeixisTemporaldeixisTemporaldeixisSpatialdeixisAllthedeictice
7、xpressionshavetobeinterpretedintermsofwhichperson,placeortimethespeakerhasinmind.Wemakeabroaddistinctionbetweenwhatismarkedasclosetothespeaker(this,here,now)andwhatisdistant(that,there,then),wecanalsoindicatewhethermovementisawayfromthespeaker’slocation(go)or
8、towardthespeakerslocation(come).Reference指称Indiscussingdeixis,weassumedthattheuseofwordstorefertopeopleandthingswasasimplematter.However,wordsthemselvesdon’trefertoanything.Peoplerefer.We
