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1、DefinitionsofPragmaticsDefinition1:Pragmaticsisthestudyofthoserelationsbetweenlanguageandcontextthataregrammaticalized,orencodedinthestructureofalanguage.语用学是对在一种语言的结构中被语法化或被编码的那些语言和语境之间的关系的研究。Definition2:Pragmaticsisthestudyofallthoseaspectsofmeaningnotcapturedinasemantictheory.语用学是对
2、所有那些未能纳入语意理论的意义侧面的研究。Definition3:Pragmaticsisthestudyofdeixis(atleastinpart),implicature,presupposition,speechacts,andaspectsofdiscoursestructure.语用学是对指示（至少是其中的一部分）、含义、前提、言语行为以及话语结构各个侧面的研究。Definition4:Pragmaticsisthestudyofhowspeakersofalanguageusesentencestoeffectsuccessfulcommunicat
3、ion.(Akmajian,1979:267)语用学是对语言的使用和语言交际进行的研究。PragmaticsvssemanticsSimilarity:botharelinguisticstudyofmeaning.Difference:pragmaticstakescontextintoconsideration,whilesemanticsdoesnotconsiderit.contextForexample,“Itiscoldinhere.”fromsemantics,itsimplyexpressesthesemanticpropositionof“the
4、lowtemperatureinacertainplace”.Theydonotconsiderthefollowingfactorsas“whospeaksittowhom,when,where,whyetc.Inotherwords,theydonotincludecontextinthestudyofmeanings语言对所使用的语言的掌握知识对语言交际上文的了解语言知识对所使用的语言的掌握对语言交际上文的了解百科全书式的知识（常识)语境背景特定文化的社会规范知识特定文化的会话规则交际的时间、地点语言外情景交际的主题知识知识交际的正式程度交际参与者的相互关系
5、相互知识Frompragmatics“Itiscoldinhere”,besidesstatingthetemperatureofaplace,canbeusedbythespeakertoaskthelistenertodosomething,suchastoclosethewindow,turnontheheatingorlendinghimacoatSentencemeaningvs.utterancemeaningAsentenceisagrammaticalconcept,sentencemeaningisabstract,intrinsicanddec
6、ontextulized,utterancemeaningisconcreteandcontext-dependentandisbasedonsentencemeaning.Thebagisheavy.Semanticsanalysis:BAG(BEINGHEAVY)Pragmatics:1)tellingthehearerthebagisheavy2)askthehearertohelphimcarrythebag3)decliningsomeone’srequestforhelp.Speechacttheory---Austin’smodelFirsttheo
7、ry:constatives（叙事话语）:statementsthateitherstateordescribeandverifiablePerformatives（行事话语）:weresentencesthatdidnotstateafactordescribeastate,andwerenotverifiable.seeexamplesonp88Austin’snewmodelLater,hegaveuphisdistinctionbetweenconstativesandperformativesandsetuphisnewmodel-aspeakermig
8、htbep
