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1、Chapter9Discourseandculture1.Areferencebookfortherelationshipbetweenlanguageandculture:《语言与文化》，（LanguageandCulture),ClaireKramsch著，上海外语教育出版社，20002.Somepassagesfromtheabovebook:2.1Discoursecommunities,constituted,aswesawinChapter1,bycommonpurposes,commoninterests,andbelief
2、s,implicitlyshareastockofpriortextsandideologicalpointsofviewthathavedevelopedovertime.Theseinturnencourageamongtheirmemberscommonnormsofinteractionwith,andinterpretationof,textsthatChapter9Discourseandculturemaybeacceptedorrejectedbythemembersofthesecommunities.Thepressu
3、retoconformtothesenormsisexertedbytheschools,themedia,andbynationalandprofessionalinstitutions.2.2Itiswidelybelievedthatthereisanaturalconnectionbetweenthelanguagespokenbymembersofasocialgroupandthatgroup’sidentity.Bytheiraccent,theirvocabulary,theirdiscoursepatterns,spea
4、kersidentifythemselvesandareidentifiedasmembersofthisorthatspeechanddiscoursecommunity.Chapter9Discourseandculture3.Culturalschema3.1schemaAschemaisapre-existingknowledgestructureinmemory.Ourabilitytoarriveautomaticallyatinterpretationsoftheunwrittenandtheunsaidmustbebase
5、donpre-existingknowledgestructures.Thesestructuresfunctionlikefamiliarpatternsfrompreviousexperiencethatweusetointerpretnewexperiences.Chapter9Discourseandculture3.Culturalschema3.2cultureschemaAcultureschemaistheschemaformedinacertainculture.Itisalmostinevitablethatourba
6、ckgroundknowledge,structures,ourschemataformakingsenseoftheworld,willbeculturallydetermined.Chapter9Discourseandculture4.cross-culturalcommunicationCross-culturalcommunicationgenerallyreferstothecommunicationbetweenspeakersfromdifferentlanguageandculturalbackground.Broadl
7、y,itcanrefertocommunicationbetweenspeakersfromdifferentnations,races,nationalities,andcommunicationbetweendifferentgroupsunderthesameculturalbackground,includingdifferentgroupsinages,inprofessions,insocialstatus,ineducation,etc.Narrowly,itreferstocommunicationbetweenspeak
8、ersfromdifferentnationswithdifferentlanguages,ortheonebetweennativeandnon-natives.Chapter9Discou
