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1、ChapterEight LanguageinUse (Pragmatics)1.Introduction:DefinitionofPragmaticsThestudyoflanguageinuse.Thestudyofmeaningincontext.Thestudyofspeakers’meaning,utterancemeaning,&contextualmeaning.Sentencemeaning:WhatdoesXmean?Utterancemeaning:WhatdoyoumeanbyX?Ex.1
2、.Dog!2.Mybagisheavy.SentenceMeaningcontext-independent.UtteranceMeaningItiscontext-dependent.Itistheproductofsentencemeaningandcontext.Therefore,itisricherthanthemeaningofthesentence.Semanticmeaning:themoreconstant,inherentsideofmeaningPragmaticmeaning:themo
3、reindeterminate,themorecloselyrelatedtocontext2.SpeechActTheoryJohnAustinHowtoDoThingswithWords(1962)speechacts:actionsperformedviautterancesConstativesvs.performativesConstatives:utteranceswhichroughlyservestostateafact,reportthatsomethingisthecase,ordescri
4、bewhatsomethingis,eg:IgototheparkeverySunday.IteachEnglish.Performatives:utteranceswhichareusedtoperformacts,donotdescribeorreportanythingatall;theutteringofthesentenceisthedoingofanaction;theycannotbesaidtobetrueorfalse.Performativeverbs:name,bet,etc.Ido.In
5、amethisshipQueenElizabeth.Ibetyousixpenceitwillraintomorrow.Igiveandbequeathmywatchtomybrother.Ipromisetofinishitintime.Iapologize.Ideclarethemeetingopen.Iwarnyouthatthebullwillcharge.Minister:addressingthegroom) (Groom’sName),doyoutake(Bride’sName)foryourla
6、wfulweddedwife,tolivetogetherafterGod’sordinance,intheholyestateofmatrimony?Willyoulove,honor,comfort,andcherishherfromthisdayforward,forsakingallothers,keepingonlyuntoherforaslongasyoubothshalllive?XXX，你是否愿意娶xxx为妻，按照圣经的教训与他同住，在神面前和她结为一体，爱她、安慰她、尊重她、保护他，像你爱自己
7、一样。不论她生病或是健康、富有或贫穷，始终忠於她，直到离开世界？Groom:Ido.Felicityconditions:A.(i)Theremustbearelevantconventionalprocedure.(ii)therelevantparticipantsandcircumstancesmustbeappropriate.B.Theproceduremustbeexecutedcorrectlyandcompletely.C.Veryoften,therelevantpeoplemusthavet
8、herequisitethoughts,feelingsandintentions,andmustfollowitupwithactionsasspecified.Thedistinctionbetweenconstatives&performativescannotbemaintained.Allsentencescanbeusedtodothings.3.Illocutionary
