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1、IntroductiontoContemporaryLinguisticsChapter1lHumansuperiorityliesinhisuniqueendowment-----theabilitytotalk,orrather,tocommunicatebymeansoflanguage.lTalmud:godcreatedtheworldbyaword,instantaneously,withouttoilorpains.lWiddowson:theprimacyoflanguageinthewayhumanbeingsconceiveoftheworld.lLanguag
2、eisavehicleofpower,forcontrol,forcreation,andforchange.lThestudyofhumanlanguageiscalledlinguistics.Linguisticsdealswithhumanlanguageasawholeorasparticularlanguages.1.Asawhole:thesystemofhumancommunicationwhichconsistsofthestructuredarrangementofsounds(ortheirwrittenrepresentation)intolargeruni
3、ts,e.g.morphemes,words,sentences,utterances.2.Asparticularlanguage:likeFrenchlanguage,theyareparticularsystemsofhumancommunicationusedbypeoplelivingindifferentpartsoftheworld.lThereisacontinuumfromonelanguagetoanother.lVarietiesoflanguage:Anyparticularlanguageisinessenceasetofvarieties.1.local
4、varieties区域变体–dialectsandaccents(theformerdifferfromeachotherinpronunciation,vocabulary,andevengrammar;thelatteronlyinpronunciation)2.socialvarieties—sociolects社会方言(=socialdialects,usedbypeopleofdifferentclasses,ages,orsexes),3.historicalvarieties—temporalvariety.(e.g.the17thcenturyEnglish)4.s
5、tylisticoroccupationalvarieties---registers语域(e.g.formalEnglish,scientificEnglish)5.individualvarieties—idiolects个人语言.6.Usuallyalanguagehasanofficiallydeclaredorgenerallyconsideredstandarddialect(e.g.PutonghuainChina,GeneralAmericanintheUS)FromPrescriptivismtoDescriptivismlPrescriptivismisthev
6、iewthatonevarietyoflanguagehasaninherentlyhighervaluethanothers.(trytoimposerulesfromsomehighprestigelanguagetosomelowerprestigelanguage,likeLatinandEnglish)lDescriptivismisthepolicyofdescribinglanguagesastheyareboundtoexist.Usagesofdifferentvarietiesshouldbeobservedandrecordedinsteadofbeingju
7、dgedwithsomeimposednorms.Endowedorconventional?lPlato’sproblem:Howcaneveryhumanbeingdeveloparichsystemoflinguisticknowledgeonthebasisoflimitedandfragmentaryempiricalevidence?lSideofendowment:nativists(天生论)ormentalists（心智说）31/31Plato:1.M
