当代语言学导论课件

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1、Chapter10LanguageInstinctSaussure’sLangue&ParoleLangue:theidealformofalanguageParole:theactualformoflanguageinspeechandwritingChomsky’sCompetence&PerformanceCompetence:thecompleteknowledgeofthelanguageanidealspeaker/hearerwouldhave.Performance:theactualuseofthelanguagebyindividualsinspeechandwriti

2、ng.LANGUAGEISMODULAR语言模块性Ifastudentmissesaclass,hewillprobablynotknowhowtosolvecertainproblemsrelatedtothecontentofthatclass.Ifamanencountersanybasicproblemrelatedtohismothertongue,hedoesnotneedtoaskforhelpfromhisteachersorfriends.Justbyaskinghisownmindhecangetananswersimilartomostofhiscompatriots

3、.AccordingtoanexcellentcontemporarypsycholinguistinAmerica,StevenPinker,whattheyrelyonisthelanguageinstinct.ObservationAretheyEnglishwords?slipslibspillsbillYesPossibleYesimpossibleWHY?Thephonologicalformofalexicalitemisself-governed.Itmakesnoreferencetoitssyntacticalorsemanticinformation.Observat

4、ionInGermanIchhabeeinenFüller.Eristrot.Word-for-wordtranslationinEnglishIhaveapen.Heisred.WHY?ObservationIaskedwhatthenumberofstudentsintheclasswas.Iinquiredwhatthenumberofstudentsintheclasswas.Iaskedthenumberofstudentsintheclass.Iinquiredthenumberofstudentsintheclass.WHY?Thesyntacticformofalexica

5、litemisself-governed.Itmakesnoreferencetoitssemanticinformation.AutonomousSyntaxPrincipleNosyntacticrulecanmakereferencetopragmatic,phonological,orsemanticinformation.Chomsky(1977)ObservationThegirlsleft.Thefogleft.*Thefogwentaway.Thetrainleft.Themailleft.“Toleave”referstoamovementroutinelycontrol

6、ledbyhumanbeings.WHY?Thesemanticstructureofalexicalitemisself-governed.Itmakesnoreferencetoitssyntacticfeatures.ObservationWhattimeisitinthekitchen?Icutalltheflagstones.Whatdoestheclockinthekitchensay?IcutallthegrassaroundtheflagstonesWHY?Thepragmaticinferenceisself-governed.Itmakesnoreferencetobo

7、ththesyntacticandsemanticstructures.Eachlinguisticmoduleisgovernedbyitsparticularsetofgeneralprinciples.Thesuperficialcomplexityoflanguageisaconsequenceoftheinteractionofsuchmodules.LANGUAGEISUNIQUE语言独特性1.Languag