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1、第一章练习I．译文（已批改）：语言贯穿我们的全部的生活,予我们的思维以言辞,予我们理念以话音,予我们的感受以表述。它是一种人类所拥有的丰富而多样的能力–想用就用，无须思索，天下儿童，自能习得。语言学家知其固然复杂，却可描述。语言学是研究语言的本质、结构和变化的科学,分为语音学,音位学,形态学,句法学,语义学和语用学.II．1)Plato2)Aristotle3)Xunzi4)Chomsky5)SaussureIII．ASummaryofLanguageandHumanBeings(未经批改)Languagehadthesystematicintern
2、alstructureofasentenceandtherelationshipbetweensoundsmeaningandthecomplexactualhierarchy.Inordertounderstandasinglesentence,anewbornhumanbabyneedstobreakthestringofsoundswhichhehearsintosyntacticconstituentsandassociateasoundcombinationwithadefinitemeaning.Therearethreestagesdu
3、ringwhichheperceivestheexistenceoflanguagearoundhimspontaneously.a. producingsingle—wordsentence(12—18months)b. formingelementaryphrasesandtwo—wordsentencesc. makingadult—likesentences(bytheageoftwoandahalf)Inaword,astohumanbeing,theknowledgeoflanguagejustgrownaturall
4、yfromthemindduringacertainperiodinchildhoodandnotneedtobedeliberatelytaught.IV．(未经批改)1．Humanlanguage.Humanbeingshaveaninbornknowledgeoflanguagewhichmustbeuniversallycorrectandacceptable.Thelocationofsuchinnateknowledgeisinourgenes.Thereisabiological,physicalentityinsideourbrain
5、whichdecideswhatwespeak.ThisentityisUG–universalgrammar.AccordingtoUGtheory,everyspeakerisendowedwithasetofprinciples.Animalsdon’thaveanareaintheirbrainthatcontrolslanguage.Nordotheyhavegenesthatcarrytheknowledgeoflanguage.2Itishardtosay.Nothingisimpossible.Thefirstprerequisite
6、thattheyshouldhaveisabiologicalorgan,likegenesorcertainareasofthebrainthatcandevelopintolanguageskillsorcontrolthelanguageweuse.ThesecondisthattheyshouldhaveUG,whichhelpsthembothtoproduceandunderstandmeaningfulutteranceandsoforth.3Communicationisoneofthemostbasicfunctionsofhuma
7、nlanguage.However,communicationisnottheonlyuse.Weuselanguagesometimestoexpressourselvesandsometimestorecordsomething.Inthiskindofsituation,languageisnotnecessarilyforcommunication.Wenotnecessarilypresentourdiaryorwritingsthatrecordourpersonalemotions.Otherthanthat,wethinkwithla
8、nguage.Thatisnotcommunicationeither.4Linguisticscanpla
