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1、...Chapter4MorphologylWhatismorphology?nThetotalnumberofwordsstoredinthebrainiscalledthelexicon.nWordsarethesmallestfreeunitsoflanguagethatunitesoundswithmeaning.nMorphologyisdefinedasthestudyoftheinternalstructureandtheformationofwords.lMorphemesandallomorphsnThesmallestmeaningfu
2、lunitoflanguageiscalledamorpheme.nAmorphememayberepresentedbydifferentforms,calledallomorphs.n“zero”formofamorphemeandsuppletivesuSomecountablenounsdonotchangeformtoexpressplurality.Similarly,someregularverbsdonotchangeformtoindicatepasttense.Inthesetwocases,thenounorverbcontainst
3、womorphemes,amongwhichthereisone“zeroform”ofamorpheme.uSomeverbshaveirregularchangeswhentheyareinpasttense.Inthiscase,theverbsalsohavetwomorphemes.Wordswhicharenotrelatedinformtoindicategrammaticalcontrastwiththeirrootsarecalledsuppletives.lFreeandboundmorphemesnSomemorphemesconst
4、itutewordsbythemselves.Thesemorphemesarecalledfreemorphemes.nOthermorphemesareneverusedindependentlyinspeechandwriting.Theyarealwaysattachedtofreemorphemestoformnewwords.Thesemorphemesarecalledboundmorphemes.nThedistinctionbetweenafreemorphemesandaboundmorphemeiswhetheritcanbeused
5、independentlyinspeechorwriting.nFreemorphemesaretherootsofwords,whileboundmorphemesaretheaffixes(prefixesandsuffixes).lInflexionalandderivationalmorphemesnInflexionalmorphemesinmodernEnglishindicatecaseandnumberofnouns,tenseandaspectofverbs,anddegreeofadjectivesandadverbs.nDerivat
6、ionalmorphemesareboundmorphemesaddedtoexistingformstoconstructnewwords.uEnglishaffixesaredividedintoprefixesandsuffixes.uSomelanguageshaveinfixes,boundmorphemeswhichareinsertedintoothermorphemes.uTheprocessofputtingaffixestoexistingformstocreatenewwordsis.......calledderivation.Wo
7、rdsthusformedarecalledderivatives.lConclusion:classificationofmorphemesnMorphemesuFreemorphemesuBoundmorphemeslInflexionallDerivational:affixesnPrefixes:-s,-’s,-er,-est,-ing,-ed,-snSuffixeslFormationofnewwordsnDerivationuDerivationformsawordbyaddinganaffixtoafreemorpheme.uSinceder
8、ivationcanapplymorethanonce,itisp
