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1、Chapter4FromWordtoTextSYNTAXisthestudyoftherulesgoverningthedifferentconstituentsarecombinedtoformsentencesinalanguage,orthestudyoftheinterrelationshipsbetweenelementsinsentencestructure.4.1.1SyntacticRelations①Positionalrelations②relationsofsubstitutablility③Relationsco-oc
2、currenceThewaystomarkthegrammaticalrolesofthevariousphrasesthatcanoccurinaclause:positionalrelation(wordorder)andaffixation※Positionalrelations,referstothesequentialarrangementofwordsinalanguageEg.a)theboykickedtheball.(wordoccursinafixedorderrequiredbytheconvention)b)*Boyt
3、heballkickedthe(ungrammatical,nonsensical)C)Theteachersawthestudents(samewordsoppositemeanings)D)thestudentssawtheteacher.Positionalrelations是索绪尔横组合关系（SyntagmaticRelations）的一方面，被列为划分语言的三种基本方法之一。按此法，语言可分六种类型：SVO,VSO,SOV,OVS,OSV,VOS英语属于SVO※relationsofsubstitutablility1>refers
4、totheclassesorsetsofwordssubstitutableforeachothergrammaticallyinsentenceswiththesamestructure2>referstogroupsofmorethanonewordwhichmaybejointlysubstitutablegrammaticallyforasinglewordofaparticularset(特定集合中的单个语词)Eg.1The------smiles.2>The--------smilesman(verticalRela)pretty
5、girlgirl(paradigmaticRel)strongmanboytallestboyWordsmorethanoneword※Relationsofco-occurrence,partlybelongtosyntagmaticrelations,partlytoparadigmaticrelations,meansthatwordsofdifferentsetsofclausesmaypermitorrequire,theoccurrenceofawordofanothersetorclasstoformasentenceorapa
6、rticularorpartofasentence.4.2Grammaticalconstruction（GC）andItsConstituent(语法结构与成分)GCcanbeusedtomeananysyntacticconstructwhichisassignedoneormoreconventionalfunctionsinalanguage.Onthelevelofsyntax:externalsyntaxofconstruction;internalsyntaxofconstructionex-referstothepropert
7、iesoftheconstructionsasawhole(结构的外部特征是只整体结构所具有的特征)Terms:clausaltype,phrasaltypeIn-isadescriptionoftheconstructions"makeup"Terns：subject，predicate，object,,determiner,nounEg.SVO(clausaltype)Maryateanapple.4.2.2ImmediateConstituentsConstituent,instructuralsentenceanalysis,isfo
8、reverylinguisticunit,whichisapartoflargelinguisticunit.Thewaytodismantleagrammatic
