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1、Chapter3theDevelopmentoftheEnglishVocabularyInthestudyofwords,itisofgreatimportancetoknowsomethingabouttheoriginandgrowthofthevocabulary.TheEnglishlanguageisnotthelanguageoftheearlyinhabitantsoftheBritishIsles.Thenwheredoesitcomefrom?InwhatwayisEnglishrelatedtootherlanguages?Async
2、hronicoverviewoftheIndo-EuropeanLanguageFamilywillanswerthesequestions.3.1TheIndo-EuropeanLanguageFamilyTheworldhas3,000(someputit5,000)languages,whichcanbegroupedintoroughly300languagefamiliesonthebasisofsimilaritiesintheirbasicwordstockandgrammar.TheIndo-European,oneofthese,isma
3、deupofmostlanguagesofEurope,theNearEastandIndia.MostoftheIndo-Europeanlanguagesaredead.ThesurvivingIndo-Europeanlanguagesfallintotenprincipalgroups,whichfallintoanEasternset:Balto-Slavic,Indo-Iranian,ArmenianandAlbanian;aWesternset:Celtic,Italic,Hellenic,Germanic,Hittite,andTochar
4、ian.Amongthem,theGermanicfamilyisourchiefconcernasModernEnglishisderivedfromacollectionofGermanicdialects,thatwerefirstbroughttotheBritishIslandsinthefourthandfifthcenturies.Englishanditsnearestrelationsareallmembersofthisfamily.First,wehavethefourNorthernEuropeanLanguages:Norwegi
5、an,Icelandic,DanishandSwedish,whicharegenerallyknownasScandinavianlanguages.ThencomeGerman,Dutch,FlemishandEnglish.葡萄牙语Potuguese古法语OldFrench罗马尼亚语Romanian诺曼法语NormanFrench现代法语ModernFrench印欧语系Indo-European（消亡）意大利语族Italic奥斯干语支Oscan拉丁语支Iatin温布利安语支Umbrian（消亡）凯尔特语族Celtic盖尔语Gallic不列颠语支Bri
6、ttanic盖尔语支Gaelic古爱尔兰语OldIrish古威尔士语OldWelsh哥特语Gothic东部语支East西部语支West日耳曼语族Germanic北部语支North东部语支East古诺尔斯语OldNorse冰岛语Icelandic挪威语Norwegian皮克特语Pictish威尔士语Welsh布列特尼语Breton科尼什语Cornish西部语支West德语German低地德语LowGerman高地德语HighGerman现代标准德语ModernGerman荷兰语Dutch佛兰芒语Flemish古撒克逊语OldSaxon古低地弗兰克尼语OldL
7、owFranconian肯特方言Kentish诺森布里亚方言Northumbrian默西亚方言Mercian西撒克逊方言WestSaxon现代英语ModernEnglish南部方言SouthernDialect(盎格鲁人)Angles北部方言NorthernDialect中部方言MidlandDialect东中部方言EastMidlandDialect早期现代英语EarlyModernEnglish瑞典语Swedish丹麦语Danish苏格兰盖尔语ScottishGaelic爱尔兰盖尔语IrishGaelic曼克斯语Manx古英语OldEnglish苏格兰
8、盖尔语ScottishGaelic爱尔兰盖尔语IrishGaeli
