chapter+3+word+formation

《chapter+3+word+formation》由会员上传分享，免费在线阅读，更多相关内容在行业资料-天天文库。

1、Word-formationGeneralRemarksVariouswaysofformingwordscanbeclassifiedonthebasisoffrequencyofusage,intomajororminorprocesses.Themajorprocessesarecompounding,derivationandconversion.Theminorprocessesareeight,namely,acronymy,blending,clipping,wordsfrompropernames,back-formation

2、,reduplication,neo-classicalformationandmiscellaneous.ThepercentageoffirmlyestablishednewwordssinceWorldWarIIThethreemajorprocessesofword-formation:a)Compoundingorcomposition(about27%):raindrop,snow-white,baby-sit;(b)Derivationoraffixation(about17.5%):Prefixation:deescalate

3、（逐步缓和，逐渐降级）,antihero（反面主角）;Suffixation:hawkish,modernize;(c)Conversion(about10.5%):bottle(verb),buy(noun).Notethatwordsformedbytheseprocessesaccountfor55%ofthenewvocabulary.Theeightminorprocessesofword-formation:a)Initialismsandacronyms(about9%):U.N.,TV,UNESCO,NATO;(b)Blend

4、ing(about6%):brunch,telex,airtel;(c)Clipping(about2%):phone,flue,lab;(d)Wordsfrompropernames(about2%):anUncleTom,xerox;(e)Backformation(about1%):gangle（笨拙地移动）,vacuumclean;(f)Reduplication(about0.5%):walkie-talkie,go-go;(g)Neoclassicalformations(about4%):psychodrama,neurolin

5、guistic;(h)Others(about3%):pizzazz(时髦派头),gazump(索高价).Wordsformedbytheseminorprocessesaccountfor26.5%ofthenewvocabulary.Theremaining18.5%isfromborrowing,e.g.discotheque,ombudsman(专门调查官员舞弊情况的政府官员)andmanyothers.Prefixesmodifythelexicalmeaningofthebase,butdonotgenerallychangeth

6、eword-classofthebase.e.g.fair---unfair.However,incurrentEnglish,prefixesdoconvertwordstoadifferentword-classincomparisonwiththeiroriginalbases.e.g.be-adj.----v.becalm,belittlede-n.-----v.deform,debugen-n.-----v.enslave,endangerun-n.-----v.unleash,unearthanti-n.-----adj.anti

7、-war,anti-craftinter-n.-----adj.inter-state,inter-laboratorypost-n.-----adj.postwar,postliberationpre-n.-----adj.prewar,preplantClassificationofprefixes:Theycanbeclassifiedintothefollowingeightcategoriesbytheirmeaning:1)“negative”prefixes(un-,non-,in-,dis-,a-);2)“reversativ

8、eorprivative”(“非”“缺”)prefixes(un-,de-,dis-);3)“pejorative”prefixes(贬损)(mis-,mal-);