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1、ChapterFour FromWordtoText1Syntaxisthestudyoftherulesgoverningthewaysdifferentconstituentsarecombinedtoformsentencesinalanguage,orthestudyoftheinterrelationshipsbetweenelementsinsentencestructures.句法学研究组词成句的规则，研究句子内部组成成分间的关系。2Syntacticrelationscanbeanalysedintothreekinds:relatio
2、nsofpositionrelationsofsubstitutabilityrelationsofco-occurrenceSyntacticrelations（句法关系）31.1RelationsofPosition（位置关系）Forlanguagetofulfillitscommunicativefunction,itmusthaveawaytomarkthegrammaticalrolesofthevariousphrasesthatcanoccurinaclause.TheboykickedtheballNP1NP2SubjectObject
3、4Positionalrelation,orWORDORDER,referstothesequentialarrangementofwordsinalanguage.Ifthewordsinasentencefailtooccurinafixedorderrequiredbytheconventionofalanguage,onetendstoproduceanutteranceeitherungrammaticalornonsensicalatall.Forexample,5Theboykickedtheball*Boytheballkickedth
4、e*TheballkickedtheboyTheteachersawthestudentsThestudentssawtheteacher6PositionalrelationsareamanifestationofoneaspectofSyntagmaticRelations（横组合关系）observedbyF.deSaussure.TheyarealsocalledHorizontalRelationsorsimplyChainRelations.7Wordorderisoneofthebasicwaystoclassifylanguagesint
5、heworld:SVO,VSO,SOV,OVS,OSV,andVOS.EnglishbelongstoSVOtype,thoughthisdoesnotmeanthatSVOistheonlypossiblewordorder.81.2RelationofSubstitutability（替换关系）TheRelationofSubstitutabilityreferstoclassesorsetsofwordssubstitutableforeachothergrammaticallyinsentenceswiththesamestructure.Th
6、e ______smiles.manboygirl9Italsoreferstogroupsofmorethanonewordwhichmaybejointlysubstitutablegrammaticallyforasinglewordofaparticularset.strongmanThetallestboysmiles.prettygirlyesterday.Hewenttherelastweek.thedaybefore.10ThisisalsocalledAssociativeRelationsbySaussure,andParadigm
7、aticRelations（纵聚合关系）byHjemslev（叶尔姆斯列夫）Tomakeitmoreunderstandable,theyarecalledVerticalRelationsorChoiceRelations.111.3RelationofCo-occurrence（同现关系/纵横关系）Itmeansthatwordsofdifferentsetsofclassesmaypermit,orrequire,theoccurrenceofawordofanothersetorclasstoformasentenceoraparticular
8、partofasentence.Forinstance,anominalphrasecanbe
