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1、ChapterFourFromWordtoTextwordphraseclausesentencetextTheoriginoftheword“syntax”:syntaxsyntaxtogethertoarrangearrangementThedefinitionofSYNTAX:●therulesgoverningthewaywordsarecombinedtoformsentences●theformationofsentences（句子的组成或句子的构造）Howtoarrangewordsintophrase,c
2、lauseorsentence?----theconditionofarrangment(syntacticrelations)----theunitsofthearrangment(grammaticalConstructionandConstituents/Phrase,ClauseandSentence/SyntacticFunction)Howtoformtext?----Recursiveness----sentenceconnection/cohensionSyntacticRelations（句法关系）Gr
3、ammaticalConstructionandItsConstituents（语法结构与成分）SyntacticFunction（句法功能）Category（范畴）Phrase,ClauseandSentenceRecursiveness（递归性）BeyondtheSentenceSyntacticRelationsSyntacticrelationscanbeanalyzedintothreekinds,namely,positionalrelation（位置关系）;relationofsubstitutabilit
4、y（可替代关系）;and,relationofco-occurrence（同现关系）PositionalRelationPOSITIONALRELATION,orWORDORDER,referstothesequentialarrangementofwordsinalanguage.Ifthewordsinasentencefailtooccurinafixedorderrequiredbytheconventionofalanguageungrammatical/nonsensicalsequencesor,gramm
5、aticallywell-formedbutoppositemeanings’sentencesOther(related)namesSYNTAGMATICRELATIONS组合关系HORIZONALRELATIONSCHAINRELATIONS.Wordorderisamongthethreebasicways(wordorder,genetic（类/属）andarea(l)classifications)toclassifylanguagesintheworld.InthewayofclassificationofW
6、ordOrder,therearetotallysixpossibletypesoflanguage,theyare:SVO,VSO,SOV,OVS,OSV,andVOS.RelationofSubstitutabilityFirstly,theRELATIONOFSUBSTITUTABILITYreferstoclassesorsetsofwordssubstitutableforeachothergrammaticallyinsentenceswiththesamestructure.Secondly,itrefer
7、stogroupsofmorethanonewordwhichmaybejointlysubstitutablegrammaticallyforasinglewordofaparticularset.eg:The_________smiles.OthernamesPARADIGMATICrelation聚合关系VERTICALrelationsCHOICErelationsASSOCIATIVErelationADD:syntagmatic¶digmaticSyntagmaticrelation1)between
8、oneitemandothersinasequence2)betweenelementswhichareallpresentIftheweatherisnice,we’llgoout.Therearesyntacticandsemanticconditionsthewordsinasyntagmaticrelatio
