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1、ChapterFour FromWordtoText1Syntaxisthestudyoftherulesgoverningthewaysdifferentconstituentsarecombinedtoformsentencesinalanguage,orthestudyoftheinterrelationshipsbetweenelementsinsentencestructures.2Syntacticrelationscanbeanalysedintothreekinds:relationsofpositionrelationsofsubstitutabi
2、lityrelationsofco-occurrence1.Syntacticrelationssyntacticrelations31.1RelationsofPositionForlanguagetofulfillitscommunicativefunction,itmusthaveawaytomarkthegrammaticalrolesofthevariousphrasesthatcanoccurinaclause.TheboykickedtheballNP1NP2SubjectObject4Positionalrelation,orWORDORDER,re
3、ferstothesequentialarrangementofwordsinalanguage.Ifthewordsinasentencefailtooccurinafixedorderrequiredbytheconventionofalanguage,onetendstoproduceanutteranceeitherungrammaticalornonsensicalatall.Forexample,5Theboykickedtheball*Boytheballkickedthe*TheballkickedtheboyTheteachersawthestud
4、entsThestudentssawtheteacher6PositionalrelationsareamanifestationofoneaspectofSyntagmaticRelationsobservedbyF.deSaussure.TheyarealsocalledHorizontalRelationsorsimplyChainRelations.7Wordorderisamongthethreebasicways(wordorder,geneticandarealclassifications)toclassifylanguagesintheworld:
5、SVO,VSO,SOV,OVS,OSV,andVOS.EnglishbelongstoSVOtype,thoughthisdoesnotmeanthatSVOistheonlypossiblewordorder.81.2RelationofSubstitutabilityTheRelationofSubstitutabilityreferstoclassesorsetsofwordssubstitutableforeachothergrammaticallyinsentenceswiththesamestructure.The ______smiles.manboy
6、girl9Italsoreferstogroupsofmorethanonewordwhichmaybejointlysubstitutablegrammaticallyforasinglewordofaparticularset.strongmanThetallestboysmiles.prettygirlyesterday.Hewenttherelastweek.thedaybefore.10ThisisalsocalledAssociativeRelationsbySaussure,andParadigmaticRelationsbyHjemslev.Toma
7、keitmoreunderstandable,theyarecalledVerticalRelationsorChoiceRelations.111.3RelationofCo-occurrenceItmeansthatwordsofdifferentsetsofclausesmaypermit,orrequire,theoccurrenceofawordofanothersetorclasstoformasentenceoraparticularpartofasentence.Forinstance,anominalphrasecanbeprecededbya
