From_Word_to_Text2 1-2节.ppt

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1、ChapterFourFromWordtoText1Syntax['sɪntæks]isthestudyoftherulesgoverningthewaysdifferentconstituentsarecombinedtoformsentencesinalanguage,orthestudyoftheinterrelationshipsbetweenelementsinsentencestructures.句法2Syntacticrelationscanbeanalysedintothreekinds:relationsofposition位置关系relationsofsubstitut

2、ability替代关系relationsofco-occurrence同现关系1.Syntacticrelations[sɪn'tæktɪk]句法关系34.1RelationsofPositionPositionalrelation,orWORDORDER,referstothesequentialarrangementofwordsinalanguage.如果单词在句子中的位置是错误的，就会趋向于说话方式的不合文法或是荒谬。4Forexample,TheteachersawthestudentsThestudentssawtheteacher5Wordorderisamongthethre

3、ebasicways(wordorder,geneticandarealclassifications)toclassifylanguagesintheworld:语言分6种类型SVO,VSO,SOV,OVS,OSV,andVOS.EnglishbelongstoSVOtype61.2RelationofSubstitutabilityTheRelationofSubstitutabilityreferstoclassesorsetsofwordssubstitutableforeachothergrammaticallyinsentenceswiththesamestructure.语义可

4、替换性7The ______smiles.manboygirlItalsoreferstogroupsofmorethanonewordwhichmaybejointlysubstitutablegrammaticallyforasinglewordofaparticularset.81.3RelationofCo-occurrence同现关系（横向，纵向）Itmeansthatwordsofdifferentsetsofclausesmaypermit,orrequire,theoccurrenceofawordofanothersetorclasstoformasentenceorapa

5、rticularpartofasentence.9属于同一词汇搭配范畴或者某一领域的词汇。Forinstance,anominalphrasecanbeprecededbyadeterminerandadjective(s)andfollowedbyaverbalphrase.Relationsofco-occurrencepartlybelongtosyntagmaticrelations,partlytoparadigmaticrelations.同现关系部分属于组合关系，部分属于词形变化102.Grammaticalconstructionanditsconstituents语法结构与

6、成分2.1GrammaticalConstruction分析法11ImmediateConstituentAnalysis(ICAnalysis)直接成分分析法Thegirlatetheapple12PhraseStructureTreediagram树形图SNPVPDetNVNPDetNThegirlatetheapple13Bracketing加括号Bracketingisnotascommoninuse,butitisaneconomicnotationinrepresentingtheconstituent/phrasestructureofagrammaticalunit.(((

7、The)(girl)) ((ate) ((the)(apple))))[S[NP[DetThe][Ngirl]][VP[Vate][NP[Detthe][Napple]]]]142.3EndocentricandExocentricConstructions内向结构外向结构Endocentricconstructionisonewhosedistributionisfunctionallyequivalent