chapter 4 from word to text

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1、ChapterFourFromWordtoText1.Syntacticrelations（句法关系）Syntaxisthestudyoftherulesgoverningthewaysdifferentconstituentsarecombinedtoformsentencesinalanguage,orthestudyoftheinterrelationshipsbetweenelementsinsentencestructures.1.1RelationsofPositionPositionalrelation,orWO

2、RDORDER,referstothesequentialarrangementofwordsinalanguage.Ifthewordsinasentencefailtooccurinafixedorderrequiredbytheconventionofalanguage,onetendstoproduceanutteranceeitherungrammaticalornonsensicalatall.PositionalrelationsareamanifestationofoneaspectofSyntagmaticR

3、elations（横组合关系）observedbyF.deSaussure.TheyarealsocalledHorizontalRelationsorsimplyChainRelations.1.2.RelationofSubstitutability（替换关系）TheRelationofSubstitutabilityreferstoclassesorsetsofwordssubstitutableforeachothergrammaticallyinsentenceswiththesamestructure.Italso

4、referstogroupsofmorethanonewordwhichmaybejointlysubstitutablegrammaticallyforasinglewordofaparticularset.ThisisalsocalledAssociativeRelationsbySaussure,andParadigmaticRelations（纵聚合关系）byHjemslev（叶尔姆斯列夫）Tomakeitmoreunderstandable,theyarecalledVerticalRelationsorChoice

5、Relations.1.3RelationofCo-occurrence（同现关系/纵横关系）Itmeansthatwordsofdifferentsetsofclausesmaypermit,orrequire,theoccurrenceofawordofanothersetorclasstoformasentenceoraparticularpartofasentence.Relationsofco-occurrencepartlybelongtosyntagmaticrelations,partlytoparadigma

6、ticrelations.2.Grammaticalconstructionanditsconstituents2.1GrammaticalConstructionGRAMMATICALCONSTRUCTION（语法结构体）orCONSTRUCTcanbeusedtorefertoanysyntacticconstructwhichisassignedoneormoreconventionalfunctionsinalanguage,togetherwithwhateverislinguisticallyconventiona

7、lizedaboutitscontributiontothemeaningorusetheconstructcontains.Onthelevelofsyntax,wedistinguishforanyconstructioninalanguageitsexternalanditsinternalproperties.Theexternalsyntaxofaconstructionreferstothepropertiesoftheconstructionasawhole,thatistosay,anythingspeaker

8、sknowabouttheconstructionthatisrelevanttothelargersyntacticcontextsinwhichitiswelcome.Theinternalsyntaxofaconstructionisreallyadescription