语言学_Chapter 4

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1、Chapter4SyntaxA4.1Syntax—Thedefinitionofsyntax—Approachestothestudyofsentences-Thetraditionalapproach-Thestructuralapproach-Thegenerativeapproach-Thefunctionalapproach4.2Categories4.2.1Word-levelcategories—Thedefinitionofsyntacticcategories—Twokindsofword-level

2、categories-Majorlexicalcategories‐Noun(N)‐Verb(V)‐Adjective(A)‐Preposition(P)-Minorlexicalcategories‐Determiner(Det)‐Degreewords(Deg)‐Qualifier(Qual),Auxiliary(Aux)‐Conjunction(Con)‐Complementizer(C)4.2.2Phrasecategoriesandtheirstructures—Thedefinitionofphrase—

3、Phrasalcategories-Nounphrase(NP)-Verbphrase(VP)-Adjectivephrase(AP)-Prepositionalphrase(PP)—Theelementsofphrases-Head-Specifier-Complement4.3Phrasestructurerule—Thedefinitionofphrasestructurerules—ThephrasestructureruleforNP,VP,AP,PP-NP(Det)N(PP)...-VP(Qual)V(N

4、P)...-AP(Deg)A(PP)...-PP(Deg)P(NP)...4.3.1XPruleTheXPrule:XP(specifier)X(complement)4.3.2Coordinationrule—Thedefinitionofcoordinatestructures—Thecoordinationrule:XX*ConX4.4Phraseelements4.4.1Specifiers4.4.2ComplementsTheXPRule(revised)XP(Specifier)X(Complement*

5、)—Complementizer—Complementclause—Complementphrase(CP)—Matrixclause4.4.3ModifiersTheExpendedXPrule:XP(Spec)(Mod)X(Complement*)(Mod)4.5Sentences(TheSRule)TheSrule:SNPVP4.6Transformations—Deepstructure(D-structure)andsurfacestructure(S-structure)—Sometransformati

6、onrules-Auxiliarymovement-Doinsertion‐Doinsertionrule:InsertinterrogativedointoanemptyInflposition-Whmovement‐WhMovement:Movethewhphrasetothebeginningofthesentence‐Whmovement(revised):MoveawhphrasetothespecifierpositionunderCP-Moveαandconstraintsontransformatio

7、nsIntroductionofalinguist----LeonardBloomfielLeonardBloomfield(April1,1887—April18,1949)wasanAmericanlinguistwholedthedevelopmentofstructurallinguisticsintheUnitedStatesduringthe1930sandthe1940s.HisinfluentialtextbookLanguage,publishedin1933,presentedacomprehen

8、sivedescriptionofAmericanstructurallinguistics.HemadesignificantcontributionstoIndo-Europeanhistoricallinguistics,thedescriptionofAustronesianlanguagesanddescriptionoflangua