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1、ChapterFourSyntax70Syntaxisthestudyoftherulesgoverningthewaywordsarecombinedtoformsentencesinalanguage.Simplyspeaking,itisthestudyoftheformationofsentences.Therearedifferentapproachestosyntaxinthelinguisticfield:Thetraditionalapproach,thestructuralapproachthegenerativegramm
2、ararediscussedhereThetraditionalapproachThetraditionalapproachviewsasentenceasasequenceofwords.Thestudyofsentenceformationthusinvolvesthestudyofthepartsofspeechandgrammaticalfunctionsofwords,andothercategoriessuchasnumber,gender,case,tense,aspect,voice,concordandgovernment.
3、Grammaticalcategories语法范畴72Relatedgroupsofwords(partsofspeech词性)intraditionalgrammar.includingCase,Gender,Number,Person,Tense,Aspect,Mood,Voice,etc.Conceptsindicatedby“categorysymbols范畴符号”S,NP,V,etc.inTGGrammar.TheTraditionalApproach1Number2Gender3Case4Tense5Aspect6Agreemen
4、t(Concord)7GovernmentNumber(add)SingularPluralDualSingularconcord:either,neitherPluralconcord:bothGender(add)MasculineFeminineNeuter‘Covert’genderinEnglishMaleFemaleDualCase格Nominative主格SubjectAccusative宾格DirectobjectDative与格IndirectobjectAgreement一致（add)Correspondencebetwe
5、entwoormoresentenceelementsinrespecttotheirgrammaticalcategoriesWithinnounphrases,articles,andadjectivesadoptingtheformrequiredtoreflectthegenderandnumberofthenounthattheyaccompany.Concord:agreementofnominalsandverbsGovernment管辖（add)Specificpropertyofverbs,adjectives,prepos
6、itions,ornounsthatdeterminestheform(especiallycase)ofdependentelements.PronounsinEnglishSentencetypesBinarydivisionintermsofstructure:SimpleNon-simpleComplexCompoundExtensionofsentenceConjoining(Coordination)并列句Embedding(Subordination)嵌入句Recursiveness(Layersofsubordination)
7、递归句（cf.p.82)ThestructuralapproachStartedbytheSwisslinguistFerdinanddeSaussure,thefatherofmodernlinguistics,atthebeginningofthe20thcentury..ThestructuralapproachAllthelinguistictheoriesafterSaussurearestructuralinthattheyallregardlinguisticunitsasinterrelatedwitheachotherina
8、structure(orsystem),notasisolatedbits.TheStructuralApproachSyntagmatic(Horizontal,
