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1、《新编简明英语语言学教程》第二版第4章练习题参考答案Chapter4Syntax1.Whatissyntax?Syntaxisabranchoflinguisticsthatstudieshowwordsarecombinedtoformsentencesandtherulesthatgoverntheformationofsentences.2.Whatisphrasestructurerule?Thegrammaticalmechanismthatregulatesthearrangementofelements(i.e.specifiers,heads,andcom
2、plements)thatmakeupaphraseiscalledaphrasestructurerule.ThephrasestructuralruleforNP,VP,AP,andPPcanbewrittenasfollows:NP→(Det)N(PP)...VP→(Qual)V(NP)...AP→(Deg)A(PP)...PP→(Deg)P(NP)...WecanformulateasinglegeneralphrasalstructuralruleinwhichXstandsfortheheadN,V,AorP.TheXPrule:XP→(specifier)X
3、(complement)3.Whatiscategory?Howtodetermineaword'scategory?Categoryreferstoagroupoflinguisticitemswhichfulfillthesameorsimilarfunctionsinaparticularlanguagesuchasasentence,anounphraseoraverb.Todetermineaword'scategory,threecriteriaareusuallyemployed,namelymeaning,inflectionanddistribution
4、.若详细回答，则要加上：Wordcategoriesoftenbearsomerelationshipwithitsmeaning.Themeaningsassociatedwithnounsandverbscanbeelaboratedinvariousways.Thepropertyorattributeoftheentitiesdenotedbynounscanbeelaboratedbyadjectives.Forexample,whenwesaythatprettylady,weareattributingtheproperty‘pretty’tothelady
5、designatedbythenoun.Similarly,thepropertiesandattributesoftheactions,sensationsandstatesdesignatedbyverbscantypicallybedenotedbyadverbs.Forexample,inJennyleftquietlytheadverbquietlyindicatesthemannerofJenny'sleaving.Thesecondcriteriontodetermineaword'scategoryisinflection.Wordsofdifferent
6、categoriestakedifferentinflections.Suchnounsasboyanddesktakethepluralaffix-s.Verbssuchasworkandhelptakepasttenseaffix-edandprogressiveaffix-ing.Andadjectiveslikequietandclevertakecomparativeaffix-erandsuperlativeaffix-est.Althoughinflectionisveryhelpfulindeterminingaword'scategory,itdoesn
7、otalwayssuffice.Somewordsdonottakeinflections.Forexample,nounslikemoisture,fog,donotusuallytakepluralsuffix-sandadjectiveslikefrequent,intelligentdonottakecomparativeandsuperlativeaffixes-erand-est.Thelastandmorereliablecriterionofdeterminingaword'scategoryisitsdist
