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1、Chapter4Syntax1.Whatissyntax?Abranchoflinguisticsthatstudieshowwordsarecombinedtoformsentencesandtherulesthatgoverntheformationofsentences.2.Categories（范畴）Categoryreferstoagroupoflinguisticitemswhichfulfillthesameorsimilarfunctionsinaparticularlanguagesuchasasentence,anoun
2、phraseoraverb.指词类和功能(n,v,pre,adj,adv…)专门指语言单位的特性(number,gender,person,case,mood,concord/agreement,government)2.1LexicalcategoriesEnglishmajorlexicalcategories实义语类Noun(N)student,lecture,JohnVerb(V):like,read,goAdjective(Adj):tall,lovely,redAdverb(adv):loudly,constantly,hard
3、Englishminorlexicalcategories功能语类Determiner(Det):the,a,this,hisAuxiliary(Aux):can,will,do,doPreposition(pron):he,she,us,mineConjunction(Conj):and,or,but,whileInterjection(Int):Oh,ah,eh2.2grammaticalcategories:Number(singular,plural,countable,uncountable)Gender(masculine,fe
4、minine,neuter,common)Person(first,second,third)Case(subjectivecase,objectivecase,genitivecase)Tense(presenttense,pasttense)Mood(indicativemood,imperativemood,subjunctivemood)Concord(grammatical,notional,proximity)Government(支配关系)etc.Averbistoagreewiththesubjectinpersonandi
5、nnumber.InEnglish,thisruleonlyaffectstheverbaccordingtothenumberofthesubject.(e.g.Theboygoestoschool.Theboysgotoschool.)2.2.1Concord/agreement(一致关系)1)Grammaticalconcord(语法一致原则)Thisprinciplereferstotherulethattheverbmustmatchitssubjectinnumber.subjectsingularnounverbtakessi
6、ngularformsubjectpluralnounverbtakespluralforme.gEachboyhashisownbook./Boyshavetheirownbooks.2)Notionalconcord(意义一致原则)Thisprinciplereferstotherulethattheverbcansometimesagreewiththesubjectaccordingtothenotionofnumberratherthantotheactualpresenceofthegrammaticalmarkerfortha
7、tnotion.e.gThegovernmenthaveaskedthecountrytodecidebyavoteThenewmilitarygovernmentdoesnothavepopularsupport.Fifteenmilesseemslikealongwalktome.Fifty-sixdollarswasstolenfromthecashregister.3)PrincipleofProximity(就近原则)Thisprincipledenotesagreementoftheverbwithacloselyprecedi
8、ngnounphrase.(therebe,or,either…or,neither…nor,notonly…butalso,whether…or…)e.gThereisapen
