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1、Chapter4Syntax (FromWordtoText)4.1WhatisSyntax?Theuseoflanguage,likegames,hasitsownrules.Toplaythegameswell,youshouldknowtherules.Words,wordgroupsandphrases,andclausescannotoccuratrandom,theyhavetofollowcertainrulesofordering.SYNTAXisthestudyoftherulesgoverningthewaysdifferentconstitu
2、entsarecombinedtoformsentencesinalanguage,orthestudyoftheinterrelationshipsbetweenelementsinsentencestructures.句法研究的是语言中不同成分组合句子的支配规则，或者句子结构中各要素间的相互关系。4.2CategoriesCategoryinsomeapproachesreferstoclassesandfunctionsinitsnarrowsense,e.g.noun,verb,subject,predicate,nounphrase,verbphrase
3、,etc.范畴这一术语在一些学派中指的是狭义的词类和词语的功能，例如名词、动词、主语、谓语、名词短语、动词短语等。Morespecifically,itreferstothedefiningpropertiesofthesegeneralunits:更具体一些，范畴指的是这些一般性单位的甄别性特点：Thecategoriesofthenoun,includenumber,gender,caseandcountability;名词的范畴包括数、性、格和可数性；Thecategoriesoftheverb,forexample,person,tense,aspect,
4、mood,voice,etc.动词范畴则含有人称、时、体、式、态等。GrammaticalCategoriesTheterm“grammaticalcategory”isusedbysomelinguiststorefertowordclasses.InTGgrammaticalcategoriesaresyntacticunitsindicatedby“categorysymbols”suchasS,NP,VP,Det,A,etc.有些语言学家用“语法范畴”这个术语来表示词类。在转换生成语法中，语法范畴是用S,NP,VP,Det,A等“范畴符号”表示的句法单位。
5、数(Number)Numberisagrammaticalcategorywithaclearsemanticbasisprimarilyfornounswithtwoforms:singular/plural(boy/boys).NotalltheEnglishnounshaveasingular-pluraldistinction.Thosenounsthathavethisdistinctionarecalled“countnouns”.Theirregularpluralformsareclearlymarkedbypluralsuffixes.Numbe
6、risalsoreflectedinpronouns(asinI/we)andverbssinceinEnglishthereisconcord(agreement)ofnumberbetweennounsandverbs(Theboyruns/Theboysrun).NumberNounPronounVerb(agreement)singularmanHeworkspluralmenTheywork数(Number)性(Gender)Manyinflectionallanguageshavethreemeaning-relatedgenderdistinctio
7、n:masculine,feminineandneuter.许多屈折语言里有三种和意义相关的性：阳性、阴性、中性。InEnglishgendercontrastcanbeonlyobservedinpronounsandasmallnumberofnounswhichshowsthebiologicalgender.GenderNounPronounmasculineactorHefeminineactressShe格(Case)ManyEnglishpronounshavedifferentformscorrespondingtothedistinctionof
8、subje
