chapter 8 句法生成generative syntax

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1、Chapter8GenerativeSyntaxSyntax:thestudyofhowsentencesareformedoutofwordsofalanguage.PhonologyGrammar(theoveralldescriptionofhumanlanguage)SyntaxSemantics8.1TGGrammarvs.TraditionalGrammar:AComparison(1)Epistemologicalbases(认识论基础)(1)TraditionalGrammar:basedonBehaviori

2、sm/Structuralism:Achild’sbrainwasbornwithablankboard,lackinginanygeneticinformationaboutlanguage.Heacquireslanguagethrough“stimuli-responses”inafter-birthexperience.(2)TGGrammar:50s-60s’Americancognitiveandlinguisticcircleswitnesseda“ChomskyanRevolution”.lPsychologi

3、calandphilosophicalbasis:Chomsky’sMentalism(心智主义)/Nativism(自然主义):PsychologicalandphilosophicalconceptdevelopedbyChomsky(1965)andmodeledafterDescartes’sandvonHumboldt’srationalism.Mentalismattemptstodescribetheinternal(innate)languagemechanismthatprovidesthebasisfort

4、hecreativeaspectoflanguagedevelopmentanduse.Inthisaspect,ChomskyturnsagainsttheempiricalapproachofAmericanstructuralism(Bloomfield)and,especiallyagainstSkinner’sbehaviorism,sincebothpositionsacceptonlyimmediatelyobservablelinguisticdataastheirobjectofinvestigation(o

5、bservationaladequacyofE-language—Xu).Chomskysupportshismentalistconceptintwoways:(1)byassumingagrammarwithanunderlyingdeepstructure;(2)withregardtolanguageacquisitionandthedevelopmentoflinguisticcompetence,bypresupposinganinborn(universal)mechanism(LanguageAcquisiti

6、onDevice—LAD)thatprovidesabasisforlanguagedevelopment(Cartesianlinguistics).lPhilosophicalbasis:Rationalism(唯理论):17thcenturybranchofphilosophybasedonthephilosophiesofR.Descartes&G.W.Leibniz,whichadmitsreasonasthesolesourceofhumanknowledge.N.Chomskyseesso-called“Cart

7、esianlinguistics”ascontinuingthetraditionofrationalism,especiallyinreferenceto(a)theconceptof“innateideas”,(b)theideaoflanguageasaspeciallyhumanactivity,(c)theemphasisonthecreativeaspectoflanguageuse,and(4)thedistinctionbetweenouterandinnerformsoflanguage(i.e.betwee

8、nsurfacestructureanddeepstructure)(2)Researchsubjects/goalsTraditionalgrammar:interestedinlanguageitselfanddevotedtothedescriptionoflangua