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1、Chapter4FromWordtoTextReview:Wehavealreadyconsideredtwolevelsofdescriptionusedinthestudyoflanguage.First,wehavedescribedlinguisticexpressionsassequencesofsoundswhichcanberepresentedphonetically,eg.ðәlΛkibՉyzVoicedfricativevoicelessstopdiphthongSecond
2、,wecandescribethesamelinguisticexpressionasasequenceofmorphemes,eg.theluckyboysfunctionallexicalderivationalinflectionalWiththesedescriptions,wecouldcharacterizeallthewordsofalanguageintermsoftheirphoneticandmorphologicalmake-up.theluckyboys*boysthel
3、ucky*luckyboystheThird,weneedawayofdescribingthestructureofphrasesandsentenceswhichwillaccountforallofthegrammaticalsequencesandruleoutalltheungrammaticalones.Thus,weintroduceSyntax–syn-(together)-tax(arrangement)DefinitionofSyntaxSyntaxisthestudyoft
4、herulesgoverningthewaysdifferentconstituentsarecombinedtoformsentencesinalanguage,orthestudyoftheinterrelationshipsbetweenelementsinsentencestructures.Syntaxisthestudyoftheformationofsentences.Syntaxistheanalysisofsentencestructureandtherelationships
5、betweenelementsinasentence,thenwhatisasentence?Asentenceisasequenceofwordsarrangedinacertainorderinaccordancewithgrammaticalrules.Theinterrelationshipsbetweenelementsinasentencecanbeanalysedaccordingtosyntacticrelations.4.1SyntacticRelationsSyntactic
6、relationscanbeanalysedintothreekinds,namely,positionalrelations(位置关系),relationsofsubstitutability(可替换关系),andtherelationsofco-occurrence(同现关系).4.1.1PositionalRelationForlanguagetofulfillitscommunicativefunction,itmusthaveawaytomarkthegrammaticalroleso
7、fthevariousphrasesthatcanoccurinaclause.E.g.,Theboykickedtheball.Twomethodstoconveytheinformationinalanguagearethroughpositionalrelation(orwordorder)andaffixation.Positionalrelation,orwordorder,referstothesequentialarrangementofwordsinalanguage.These
8、quentialarrangementofwordscaneitherbewell-formedorill-formed(ungrammaticalornonsensical).a)Theboykickedtheball.b)Boytheballkickedthec)Theballkickedtheboy.Sometimestwosentenceswhichhavethesamewordsinnumberandformandarebothgrammaticallywell-formedhaveo
