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1、Chapter2SpeechSound2.1SpeechProductionandPerception2.2SpeechOrgans2.3Segments,DivergenceandPhoneticTranscription2.4Consonants2.5Vowels2.6Co-articulationandPhoneticTranscription2.7PhonologicalAnalysis2.8PhonemesandAllophones2.9PhonologicalProcesses2.10DistinctiveFeatures2.11Syll
2、ables2.12Stress2.1SpeechProductionandPerceptionThreemainareasofthestudyofsounds:ArticulatoryPhoneticsisthestudyoftheproductionofspeechsounds.AcousticPhoneticsisthestudyofthephysicalpropertiesofthesoundsproducedinspeech.AuditoryPhoneticsisconcernedwiththeperceptionofspeechsounds
3、.2.2SpeechOrgans2.3Segments,DivergenceandPhoneticTranscription2.3.1Segmentsanddivergence2.3.2PhoneticTranscription¾InternationalPhoneticAlphabet(IPA)¾theInternationalPhoneticAssociation,1886,France.¾TheideaofestablishingaphoneticalphabetwasfirstproposedbytheDanishgrammarianOtto
4、Jespersen(1860-1943)in1886.¾ThepresentsystemoftheIPAderivesmainlyfromonedevelopedinthe1920sbytheBritishphonetician,DanialJones(1881-1967),andhiscolleaguesattheUniversityofLondon.VocalCords2.4Consonants2.4.1Consonants&Vowels¾Thesoundsegmentsaregroupedintoconsonantsandvowels.¾Con
5、sonantsareproducedbyconstrictingorobstructingthevocaltractatsomeplacetodivert,impede,orcompletelyshutofftheflowofairintheoralcavity.¾Avowelisproducedwithoutobstructionsonoturbulenceoratotalstoppingoftheaircanbeperceived.2.4.2Consonants¾MannersofArticulation&PlacesofArticulation
6、2.4.3MannersofArticulation1)Stop(plosive):completeclosureofthearticulatorsinvolvedsothattheairstreamscannotescapethroughthemouth.¾Threephasesintheproductionofastop:theclosingphase;theholdphaseandthereleasephase.¾Nasalstop(Nasal)[m,n,]&oralstop(Stop)[p,b,t.d,k,g]2)Fricative:clos
7、eapproximationoftwoarticulatorssothattheairstreamsarepartiallyobstructedandturbulentairflowisproduced.¾FricativesinEnglish:[f,v,,,s,z,,,h]3)(Median)Approximant:anarticulationinwhichonearticulatorisclosetoanother,butwithoutthevocaltractbeingnarrowedtosuchanextentthataturbulentai
8、rstreamsareproduced.¾InEnglish,theclassofsoundsinclude
