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1、Unit1LanguageandLearning1.Language:”Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.”Itcanbeunderstoodinthefollowingsixaspects:Languageassystem;Languageassymbolic;Languageasarbitrary;Languageasvocal;Languageashuman;Languageascommunication2.Structuralview:Thestructuralviewseesl
2、anguageasalinguisticsystemmadeupofvarioussubsystems:fromphonological,morphological,lexical,etc.tosentences.3.Thefunctionalview:Thefunctionalviewseeslanguageasalinguisticsystembutalsoasameansfordoingthings.Mostofourday-to-daylanguageuseinvolvesfunctionalactivities:greetings;offering,suggesting,a
3、dvising,apologizing,etc.4.Theinteractionalview:Theinteractionalviewconsiderslanguageasacommunicativetool,whosemainuseistobuildupandmaintainsocialrelationsbetweenpeople.5.Thelanguagelearningtheoryunderlyinganapproachormethodusuallyanswerstwoquestions:1)Whatarethepsycholinguisticandcognitiveproce
4、ssesinvolvedinlanguagelearning?2)Whataretheconditionsthatneedtobemetinorderfortheselearningprocessestobeactivated?6.Althoughthesetwoquestionshaveneverbeensatisfactorilyanswered,avastamountofresearchhasbeendonefromallaspects,whichcanbebroadlydividedintoprocess-orientedtheoriesandcondition-orient
5、edtheories.1)Process-orientedtheoriesareconcernedwithhowthemindprocessesnewinformation,suchashabitformation,induction,makinginference,hypothesistestingandgeneralization.2)Condition-orientedtheoriesemphasizethenatureofthehumanandphysicalcontextinwhichlanguagelearningtakesplace,suchasthenumberofs
6、tudents,whatkindofinputlearnersreceive,andthelearningatmosphere.7.Twotheories:Someresearchersattempttoformulateteachingapproachesdirectlyfromthesetheories.1)Thebehavioristtheory(Skinner)--astimulus-responsetheoryofpsychologyThekeypointofthetheoryofconditioningisthat"youcantrainananimaltodoanyth
7、ing(withinreason)ifyoufollowacertainprocedurewhichhasthreemajorstages,stimulus,response,andreinforcement"2)Cognitivetheory(NoamChomsky):Thetermcognitiveistodescribelooselymethodsinwhichstudentsareaskedtothinkratherthansimplyrepeat
