Introduction to Psychology 9th ed. James W. Kalat Chapter 2 (pp. 27-60)

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1、©Biosphoto/RuosoCyril/PeterArnoldInc.2ScientificMethodschapterinPsychologyMODULE2.1SummaryExperimentsMODULE2.3APPENDIXTOThinkingCriticallyandKeyTermsEthicalConsiderationsMeasuringandAnalyzingCHAPTER2EvaluatingEvidenceAnswerstoOtherQuestionsinResearchResul

2、tsStatisticalCalculationsEvidenceandTheoryintheModuleInClosing:PsychologicalDescriptiveStatisticsStandardDeviationinScienceResearchEvaluatingResults:CorrelationCoefficientsMODULE2.2StepsforGatheringandSummaryInferentialStatisticsWeb/TechnologyResourcesCon

3、ductingPsychologicalEvaluatingEvidenceKeyTermsInClosing:StatisticsandResearchReplicabilityConclusionsGeneralPrinciplesofCriteriaforEvaluatingSummaryPsychologicalResearchScientificTheoriesKeyTermsObservationalResearchInClosing:ScientificExplorationandStudy

4、DesignsThinkinginPsychology2710762_02_Ch02_027-060.indd2710/22/093:00:20PMConsiderThis:Yearsago,IwaswatchingaDiscoveryChannelnaturedocumentaryaboutelephants.Afterthenarratordiscussedtheenormousamountoffoodelephantseat,hestartedontheirdiges-tivesystem.Heco

5、mmentedthattheaverageelephantpassesenoughgasinadaytopropelacarfor20miles(32km).Ithought,“Wow,©PanoramicImages/GettyImagesisn’tthatamazing!”andItoldacoupleofotherpeopleaboutit.LaterIstartedtothink,“Waitaminute.Howdidsomeonemeasurethat?Didsomeonereallyattac

6、haballoontoanelephant’srearendandcollectgasfor24hours?Andthenputitintoacartoseehowfarthecarwouldgo?Wasitafull-sizedcaroraneconomycar?Citytrafficorhighway?Howdotheyknowtheymeasuredatypicalelephant?Didtheydeterminethemeanforabroadsampleofelephants?”ThemoreI

7、thoughtaboutit,themoreskepticalIbecame.“Oh,well,”youmightsay.“Whocares?”You’reright;howfaryoucouldpropelacaronelephantgasdoesn’tmatter.However,mypointisnottoridiculethemakersofthisdocumentarybuttoridiculeme.Remember,IsaidItoldtwopeopleaboutthisclaimbefore

8、Istartedtodoubtit.Fordecades,Ihavebeenteachingstudentstoques-tionassertionsandevaluatetheevidence,andhereIwas,uncriticallyacceptingasillystatementandtellingotherpeople,whoforallIknow,mayhavegoneontotellotherpeople.T