Introduction to Psychology 9th ed. James W. Kalat Chapter 8 (pp. 272-312).pdf

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1、chapter8©Aflo/GettyImagesCognitionandLanguageMODULE8.1MODULE8.2AnswerstoOtherQuestionsLanguageDevelopmentAttentionandSolvingProblems,MakingintheModuleUnderstandingLanguageCategorizationDecisions,andThinkingReadingMODULE8.3ResearchinCognitiveAlgorithmsandHeuristicsLanguageInClosing:Languagean

2、dPsychologyOtherCommonErrorsinHumanityNonhumanPrecursorstoAttentionHumanCognitionLanguageSummaryAttention-DeficitDisorderExpertiseHumanSpecializationsforKeyTermsCategorizationUnconsciousThinkingandLearningLanguageExplorationandStudyInClosing:ThinkingAboutProblemSolvingAttentionandConceptsIn

3、Closing:SuccessfulandSummaryUnsuccessfulProblemSolvingKeyTermsSummaryAnswerstoOtherQuestionsintheModuleKeyTerms27210762_08_Ch08_272-312.indd27210/22/093:43:18PMConsiderThis:Considerthestatement,“Thissentenceisfalse.”Isthestatementitselftrueorfalse?Declaringthestatementtrueagreeswithitsownas

4、sessmentthatitisfalse.Butdeclaringitfalsewouldmakeitsassessmentcorrect.Asentenceaboutitself,calledaself-referentialsentence,canbeconfusing.Itcanbetrue(likethisone!).Itcanbefalse(“AnyonewhoreadsthissentencewillbetransportedsuddenlytotheplanetNeptune”),untestable(“Whenevernooneisreadingthisse

5、ntence,itchangesitsfont”),oramusing(“Thissentencenoverb”).Inthischapter,youwillbeaskedtothinkaboutthinking.Doingsoisself-referential,andifyoutryto“thinkaboutwhatyouarethinkingnow,”youcangointoaconfusingloopliketheonein“Thissentenceisfalse.”Thus,psychologicalresearchersfocusasmuchaspossibleo

6、nresultsobtainedfromcarefullycontrolledexperiments,©OwenFranklin/CORBISnotjustonwhatpeoplesaythattheyCognitivepsychologystudieshowpeoplethinkabouttheirthoughtprocesses.thinkandwhattheyknow.27310762_08_Ch08_272-312.indd27310/22/093:43:23PM8.1moduleAttentionandCategorizationaskswhytheparticip

7、antchosethefacethatheor•Whatisattention?shehad,infact,notchosen,asshowninFigure8.1.•Howcanwestudyconcepts?Peopleseldom(13%ofthetime)noticetheswitch,andontheaverage,their“explanations”arejustaslong,justasspecific,andjustasconfidentfortheswitchedcardsasforth