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1、TheEnlightenment--TheAgeofReasonWhatisEnlightenment?üAnintellectualmovementoriginatinginFranceinthesecondhalfofthe18thcenturyüItcharacterizestheeffortsbycertainEuropeanwriterstousecriticalreasontofreemindsfromprejudice,unexaminedauthorityandoppressionbyChurchorStateüTheAgeofReasonHistoricalCon
2、textüThefirsthalfofthe18thcentury:anageofrelativepeace,securityandoptimismü1750s:aperiodofturbulence(动荡),fullofideological(意识形态),political,socialandeconomicrevolutions1.1776,theAmericanWarofIndependence=>endedBritishcolonialrule2.1789,theFrenchRevolution=>endedFrenchmonarchy3.1760-1840,theIndu
3、strialRevolutioninEnglandIntellectualoriginThemostimportantforerunnersüJohnLockeüIsaacNewton•Theirtheoriesfosteredthebeliefinnaturallawanduniversalorderandestablishedconfidenceinhumanreason.FrenchPhilosophyDenisDiderotüaFrenchphilosopherandwriterüChiefeditor主编ofEncyclopédieüHealsowrotenovels,p
4、lays,criticalessaysEncyclopédieüanearlyencyclopediapublishedinFrance ücomprised28volumes,71,818articles,and2,885illustrations(1751----1772)üReasonedDictionaryoftheSciences,Arts,andCrafts üEpitomized（概括，代表）thespiritofEnlightenmentthoughtüaquintessential（精华的）summaryofthoughtandbeliefoftheEnlight
5、enment•Thethreemainbranchesofknowledgeare:"Memory"/History,"Reason"/Philosophy,"Imagination"/Poetry•theologyisorderedunder'Philosophy’Jean-JacquesRousseau卢梭üSwiss-bornphilosopher,author,politicaltheoristandcomposerüOneofthegreatestfiguresoftheFrenchEnlightenmentTheInfluenceofJean-JacquesRousse
6、auOnFrenchRevolutionüHeglorifiedhumannatureandattackedsocialinequalityüHisideaswereinfluentialatthetimeoftheFrenchRevolutionüHadagreatinfluenceontheleadersoftheRevolution TheInfluenceofJean-JacquesRousseauOnEducation üHiswritingshaveprofoundlyinfluencedmoderneducationaltheoryVoltaire伏尔泰alsocal
7、ledTheDictatorofLetters•Frenchpoet,dramatist,historian,philosopherImportantwritingsüLettresAnglaise《哲学通信》üCandide《老实人》LettresAnglaise《哲学通信》ü“ThefirstbombdroppedontheOldRegime”üWrittenduringyearsofexileinEnglandüInthestyleof24letterstofr
