资源描述：
《What_is_Enlightenment.pdf》由会员上传分享，免费在线阅读，更多相关内容在学术论文-天天文库。
1、Enlightenment1IMMANUELKANTAnAnswertotheQuestion:"WhatisEnlightenment?"Thereismorechanceofanentirepublicenlighteningitself.ThisisindeedKonigsberg,Prussia,30thSeptember,1784.almostinevitable,ifonlythepublicconcernedisleftinfreedom.Fortherewillalwaysbeafewwhothinkforthemselves
2、,evenamongthoseappointedEnlightenmentisman'semergencefromhisself-incurredimmaturity.asguardiansofthecommonmass.Suchguardians,oncetheyhaveImmaturityistheinabilitytouseone'sownunderstandingwithoutthethemselvesthrownofftheyokeofimmaturity,willdisseminatethespiritofguidanceofan
3、other.Thisimmaturityisself-incurredifitscauseisnotlackofrationalrespectforpersonalvalueandforthedutyofallmentothinkforunderstanding,butlackofresolutionandcouragetouseitwithoutthethemselves.Theremarkablethingaboutthisisthatifthepublic,whichwasguidanceofanother.Themottoofenli
4、ghtenmentistherefore:Sapereaude!previouslyputunderthisyokebytheguardians,issuitablystirredupbysomeHavecouragetouseyourownunderstanding!ofthelatterwhoareincapableofenlightenment,itmaysubsequentlycompeltheguardiansthemselvestoremainundertheyoke.ForitisveryharmfultoLazinessand
5、cowardicearethereasonswhysuchalargeproportionofmen,propagateprejudices,becausetheyfinallyavengethemselvesontheveryevenwhennaturehaslongemancipatedthemfromalienguidancepeoplewhofirstencouragedthem(orwhosepredecessorsdidso).Thusa(naturalitermaiorennes),neverthelessgladlyremai
6、nimmatureforlife.Forpubliccanonlyachieveenlightenmentslowly.Arevolutionmaywellputanthesamereasons,itisalltooeasyforotherstosetthemselvesupastheirendtoautocraticdespotismandtorapaciousorpower-seekingoppression,guardians.Itissoconvenienttobeimmature!IfIhaveabooktohavebutitwil
7、lneverproduceatruereforminwaysofthinking.Instead,newunderstandinginplaceofme,aspiritualadvisertohaveaconscienceforme,prejudices,liketheonestheyreplaced,willserveasaleashtocontroltheadoctortojudgemydietforme,andsoon,Ineednotmakeanyeffortsatall.greatunthinkingmass.Ineednotthi
8、nk,solongasIcanpay;otherswillsoonenoughtakethetiresomejoboverforme.Theguardianswho
