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1、•••26•••THEZEN(CH'AN)SCHOOLOFSUDDENENLIGHTENMENTTHECH'ANMOVEMENT,betterknownasZen,hasbeendescribedbyHuShih(1891-1962)asa"reformationorrevolutioninBuddhism,"1andbySuzukiasamovementinwhich"theChinesemindcompletelyasserteditself,inasense,inoppositiontotheIndianmind.Zencouldnotrisean
2、dflourishinanyotherlandoramonganyotherpeople."2ThetwooutstandingscholarssharplydifferintheirapproachestoZen:theone,historical;theother,religiousandmystical.ButtheyreinforceeachotherincharacterizingZen'sdevelopmentinChinesehistory,foritwasthrougharevolutionthatCh'ancamecompletelyi
3、ntoitsown.Literally,thenameoftheschoolshouldbeMeditation,fortheSan-skritdhyana,pronouncedinChinese"ch'an"andinJapanese"zen,"meansthat.ButmeditationchangeditscharacterinChinaalmostfromtheveryinceptionofBuddhism,althoughthetypicallyIndianformofsittinginmeditationandconcentratingone
4、'smindtothepointofignor-ingtheexternalworldhascontinuedinChineseBuddhistschools.WhenBuddhismfirstcametoChina,itwasmixedupwiththeYellowEm-peror-LaoTzucult.Asaresult,meditationwasnotunderstoodintheIndiansenseofconcentrationbutintheTaoistsenseofconservingvitalenergy,breathing,reduci
5、ngdesire,preservingnature,andsoforth.ThiswasthemeditationtaughtbyearlyBuddhistMasterslikeAnShih-kao(C.A.D.150),Kumarajiva(344-413),Tao-an(312-385),andHui-yüan(334-416).Intheend,meditationmeantneithersittinginmedi-tationnormentalconcentration,butsimplythedirectenlightenmentofthemi
6、nd.TraditiontracesthebeginningoftheschooltoBodhidharma(fl.460-534),whosehistoricityhasbeenquestionedintheWest.MostChineseandJapanesescholars,however,aresatisfiedthathedidcometoChina.3ButaclearpictureoftheschooldidnotemergeuntilHung-1HuShih,"Ch'an(Zen)BuddhisminChina:ItsHistoryand
7、Method,"Philoso-phyEastandWest,3(1953),p.12.2Suzuki,"Zen:AReplytoHuShih,"ibid.,p.40.3SeeHuShih,HuShihlun-hsüehchin-chu(RecentEssaysonLearnedSubjectsbyHuShih),1931,pp.486-487,TangYung-t'ung,HanWeiLiang-ChinNan-pei-ch'aoFo-chiaoshih(HistoryofChineseBuddhismfrom206B.C.toA.D.589),Sha
8、ng-hai,1938,pp.779-780,andLoHsiang-lin,T
