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1、SignSystemsStudies30.2,2002TranslationastranslatingasculturePeeterToropDeptartmentofSemiotics,UniversityofTartu,Tiigi78,Tartu50410,Estoniae-mail:torop@ut.eeAbstract.Themostcommondifficultyintranslationstudieshastraditionallybeenthedilemmabetweenthehistoricalandsynchronicapproachesin
2、theanalysisanddescriptionofthecultureoftranslation.Ontheonehandthecultureoftranslationmightbepresentedasthesumofvariouskindsoftranslatedtexts(repertoireofculture),ontheotherhanditmightbedescribedasthehierarchyofthevarioustypesoftranslationsthemselves.Thefirstapproachassumesplentyofl
3、anguagesforsuchdescription,inthelatteronesuggestsonlyonelanguageforthesamerepresentation.Aculturalcriticfacesthesameproblems.Intheseperspectivesthetranslationrevealsimportantmechanismsoftheperformanceofculture.Firstofallitisthesemioticinter-pretationofthetheoryoftranslation,introduc
4、edbythenumberofscientistsbeginningwithR.JakobsonandincludingU.Ecowhoputtogetherinter-linguistic,intra-linguistic,andinter-semiotictranslations,socrucialforthefurtherunderstandingofculture.Asaresult,thegeneralnotionofculturemightbedescribedastheprocessoftotaltranslation.Andsecondly,t
5、heothervaluablecontributiontothetheoryoftranslationhasbeenmadebybothM.BakhtinandJ.Lotmanintermsofthesynthesisoftwotraditionsinsemioticsofcultureresultedinjuxtaposingsuchnotionsasdialogismandautonomy—creolization,polyphony,counterword,andtranslation.Translatingasanactivityandtranslat
6、ionastheresultofthisactivityareinseparablefromtheconceptofculture.Thetranslationalcapacityofcultureisanimportantcriterionofculture’sspecificity.Cultureoperateslargelythroughtranslationalactivity,sinceonlybytheinclu-sionofnewtextsintoculturecanthecultureundergoinnovationaswellasperce
7、iveitsspecificity.Aftertheexpansionoftheparadigmofpostcolonialandtherelatedfieldofgenderstudiesintotranslationstudies,theborderlinebetweenculturestudiesandtranslationstudieshasbecomefuzzier,yetatthesametime,therehasemergedavisible594PeeterToropcomplementarity.Ontheonehand,bytheturno
8、fthecentury,theunde
