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1、Chapter2SpeechSoundsIntroductionAshumanbeingswearecapableofmakingallkindsofsounds,butonlysomeofthesesoundshavebecomeunitsinthelanguagesystem.Wecananalyzespeechsoundsfromvariousperspectivesandthetwomajorareasofstudyarephoneticsandphonology.Phoneticsstudieshowspeechsoundsareproduce
2、d,transmitted,andperceived.Threemainareas:ArticulatoryPhoneticsisthestudyoftheproductionofspeechsounds.AcousticPhoneticsisthestudyofthephysicalpropertiesofspeechsounds.PerceptualorAuditoryPhoneticsisconcernedwiththeperceptionofspeechsounds.Phonologyisthestudyofthesoundpatternsand
3、soundsystemsoflanguages.Itaimsto‘discovertheprinciplesthatgovernthewaysoundsareorganizedinlanguages,andtoexplainthevariationsthatoccur’(Crystal,1997:162).Inphonologywenormallybeginbyanalyzinganindividuallanguage,sayEnglish,inordertodetermineitsphonologicalstructure,i.e.whichsound
4、unitsareusedandhowtheyareputtogether.Thenwecomparethepropertiesofsoundsystemsindifferentlanguagesinordertomakehypothesesabouttherulesthatunderlietheuseofsoundsinthem,andultimatelyweaimtodiscovertherulesthatunderliethesoundpatternsofalllanguages.2.1Howspeechsoundsaremade2.1.1Speec
5、horgansSpeechorgans(vocalorgans)(言语器官):thosepartofthehumanbodyinvolvedintheproductionofspeechPartofthebodythatareinvolvedintheproductionofspeech:thelungs（肺），thetrachea(气管),thethroat（咽喉）,thenoseandthemouthThemouth:thetongue,theplate(腭)Thethroat:pharynx(upper)(咽),larynx(lower)(喉头)T
6、hevocaltract(声道):thepharynx,mouth,andnoseThemouth:theoralcavity(口腔)Thenose:thenasalcavity(鼻腔)Vocalfolds(vocalcords,vocalbands):apairofstructurethatlieshorizontallywiththeirfrontendsjoinedtogetheratthebackoftheAdam’sapple.Thevocalfoldsareeither(a)apart,(b)closetogether,or(c)totall
7、yclosed.Voiceless(清音):thevocalfoldsareapart,theaircanpasseasily[p,s,t]Voiced(浊音):thevocalfoldsareclosetogether,theairstreamcausesthemtovibrateagainsteachother[b,z,d]Glottalstop(喉塞音):thevocalfoldsaretotallyclosed,noaircanpassbetweenthemPositionofthevocalfolds:voiceless发音器官的构造及其作用世
8、界上所有的声音都是物体振动产生的声波在介质中传递的结果，因此声音的产生离不开振动
