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1、Chapter3 Lexicon3.1WhatiswordWord:aunitofexpressionthathasuniversalintuitiverecognitionbynative-speakers,whetherspokenorWrittenItishardtodefine“word”scientifically.3.1.1Threesensesof“word”:Aphysicallydefinableunit:Wordmaybeseenasaclusterofsoundsegmentsorlettersbetweentowpausesorblanks.Phonologi
2、calandorthographic(书写上)Problem:Whenliaisonandcontractedformsoccur2)Wordbothasageneraltermandasaspecificterm:boy,boys(onewordortwowords?)check,checks,checked,checking(onewordorfourwords?)Lexeme(词位):theabstractunitunderlyingthesmallestunitinthelexicalsystemofalanguage,whichappearsindifferentgramm
3、aticalcontextsWrite---write,writes,wrote,writing,writtenFat---fat,fatter,fattest3)Agrammaticalunit:sentenceclausephrasewordmorphemeEachoftheseiscalledaRANK.Alltheranksconstituteahierarchicalscale.Problem:freemorphemesorwords:black,bird,air,craft,town,hall3.1.2Identificationofwords1)Stability:th
4、econstituentpartsofacomplexwordcannotberearrangedchairman﹡manchairButitisallrightforustorearrangethepartsorconstituentsinasentencetoacertaindegree.Thechairmanlookedattheaudience.Theaudiencelookedatthechairman.2)Relativeuninterruptibility:Newelementscannotbeinsertedintoawordevenwhentherearesever
5、alpartsinaword.disappointmentdis+appoint+mentPaul,(Jane)andRebeccaaremyclassmates.(Even)Paul(even)didn’t(even)love(even)Jane(even).3)Aminimumfreeform:LeonardBloomfield(1933):Sentence:themaximumfreeformWord:theminimumfreeformthesmallestunitthatcanconstituteacompleteutterancebyitself--IsJanecomin
6、gtonight?--Possibly.Hi,Darling,Wonderful,Yeah3.1.3ClassificationofwordsVariablevs.invariablewords:Variablewords:Onecouldfindorderedandregularseriesofgrammaticallydifferentwordforms;ontheotherhand,partofthewordremainsconstantfollow,follows,following,followed;mat,matsInvariablewords:thosewordssuc
7、hassince,when,seldom,through,hello.Theydonothaveinflectiveendings.2)Grammaticalwordsvs.lexicalwords:Grammaticalwords:expressgrammaticalmeanings,suchasconjunctions,prepositions,articles,pronounsLexicalwords:havelexicalmeanings,thos
