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1、Chapter3MorphologyTeachingAimsToenablestudentstomastertheknowledgeofwordstructureTomakestudentsunderstandthenotionofMorphemeandtypesofitToenablestudentstodistinguishderivationfromcompound3.1IntroductionWordisaunitofexpressionthatnativespeakersmayrecognizebyintuition,
2、whetheritisexpressedinspokenorwrittenform.Morphologyreferstothestudyoftheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.3.2OpenclassandcloseclassnOpenclasswords----content(lexical)wordsofalanguagetowhichwecanregularlyaddnewwords,suchasnouns,adjectives,verbs
3、andadverbs,e.g.beatnik(amemberoftheBeatGeneration),hacker,email,internet,“做秀，时装秀…”inChinese.nClosedclasswords----grammaticalorfunctionalwords,suchasconjunction,articles,prepositionandpronouns.3.3Morphemes---theminimalunitsofmeaningMorphemeisthesmallestunitoflanguagei
4、ntermsoftherelationshipbetweenexpressionandcontent,aunitthatcannotbedividedintofurthersmallerunitswithoutdestroyingordrasticallyalteringthemeaning,whetheritislexicalorgrammatical.Wordsarecomposedofmorphemes.Wordsmayconsistofonemorphemeormoremorphemes,e.g.n1-morphemeb
5、oy,desiren2-morphemeboy+ish,desir(e)+blen3-morphemeboy+ish+ness,desir(e)+bl(e)+ityn4-morphemegentle+man+li+ness,un+desir(e)+abl(e)+ityn5-morphemeun+gentle+man+li+nessn6-morphemeanti+dis+establish+ment+ari+an+ism1)FreeandboundmorphemesFreemorpheme----isonethatmayconst
6、ituteaword(freeform)byitself,suchasbed,tree,sing,dance,etc.Boundmorpheme----isonethatmayappearwithatleastoneothermorpheme.Theycannotstandbythemselves,suchas“-s”in“dogs”,“al”in“national”,“dis-”in“disclose”,“ed”in“recorded”,etc.2)AllomorphSomemorphemeshaveasingleformin
7、allcontexts,suchas“dog,bark,cat”,etc.Inotherinstances,theremaybesomevariation,thatis,amorphememayhavealternateshapesorphoneticforms.Theyaresaidtobetheallomorphsofthemorpheme,thepluralmorphememayberepresentedby:map----maps[s]dog----dogs[z]watch----watches[iz]mouse----
8、mice[ai]ox----oxen[n]tooth----teethsheep----sheepEachoftheunderlinedpartiscalledanallomorphofpluralmorpheme.morphs(语子)aretherealiza
