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1、ChapterThree Lexicon1.Whatisword?Aunitofexpressionthathasuniversalintuitiverecognitionbynativespeakers,whetheritisexpressedinspokenorwrittenform.–Avaguedefinition.Threesensesareinvolvedindefining“word”,noneofwhichissatisfactorytocopewithallthesituations.1.1Threese
2、nsesof“word”Aphysicalunit:aclusterofsoundsegmentsorlettersbetweentwopausesorblanks,egPhonological:Orthographic:Itiswonderful.Threewordsarerecognized.However,incasualspeechorwriting,itoftenbecomes:Phonological:Orthographic:It’swonderful.Aretheytwowordsorthree?Aseto
3、fforms:walk,walks,walking,walkedHowmanywordsarethere?Iusuallyhavedinnerat6butyesterdayIhaditatseven.Howmanytimesdidtheword“have”occur?AlexicalitemoralexemeAlexicalitemisanentryinadictionary.AlexemeWRITEincludesallofitsgrammaticalforms:write,writes,writing,wrote,wr
4、ittenAgrammaticalunit:sentenceclausephrasewordmorphemeProblem:blackboard1.2IdentificationofwordsStability:stablelinguisticunits.chairman,butnot*manchairRelativeuninterruptibility:thoughwerecognizethreecomponentsintheworddisappointment,wecannotpauseandaddanothercom
5、ponentinbetween,asin*disinterestappointment.Butwecanaddanotherwordbetweenwords:Paul,(John)andMary...Aminimumfreeform:thesmallestunitthatcanconstituteacompleteutterancebyitself,eg—IsJanecomingtonight?—Possibly.Hi.Wonderful.1.3ClassificationofwordsVariablevs.Invaria
6、bleWords:Variablewords:write,writes,writing,wrote,written;cat,cats.Invariablewords:since,when,seldom,through,etc.Grammaticalvs.LexicalWords:Grammatical/Functionwords:conjunctions,prepositions,articles,pronouns.Lexical/Contentwords:nouns,verbs,adjectives,adverbs.Cl
7、osed-classvs.Open-classWords:Closed-classwords:Newmemberscannotnormallybeadded,egpronouns,prepositions,conjunctions,articles,auxiliaries.Open-classwords:Newmemberscanbeadded,egnouns,verbs,adjectives,andadverbs.Wordclass:knownasPartsofSpeechintraditionalgrammar.Nou
8、n,verb,adjective,adverb,preposition,pronoun,conjunction,interjection,article,etc.Somenewtermsinwordclass:Particle:infinitiveto,negativenot,subordinateun
