英语语言学three

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1、Linguisticsvs.TraditionalGrammarA.Linguisticsisdescriptive,notprescriptive.Alinguistisinterestedinwhatissaid,notwhathethinksoughttobesaid.Hedescribeslanguageinallitsaspects,butdoesnotprescriberulesofcorrectness.Hedoesnotbelievethatthereissomeabsolutestandardofcorrectnessconcerningl

2、anguageuse.Instead,hewouldprefertobeanobserverandrecorderoffacts,butnotajudge.Traditionalgrammarwasverystronglynormativeincharacter.Thegrammariansawitashistasktoformulatethestandardsofcorrectnessandtoimposethese,ifnecessary,uponthespeakersofthelanguage.B.Linguisticsregardsthespoken

3、languageasprimary,notthewritten.Peopleinsistedonlearningtouselanguageinaccordancewiththeusageofthe"bestauthors"ofclassicaltimes,andtheseauthorsexistedonlyinwrittenform.Linguistsgiveprioritytothespokenlanguage,becauseitprecedesthewrittenlanguageeverywhereintheworldandmostwritingsyst

4、emsarederivedfromthevocalsounds.c)LinguisticsdiffersfromtraditionalgrammarinthatitdoesnotforcelanguagesintoaLatin-basedframework.WeakpointsofTraditionalGrammar规定语言学家在判断语言的正确与否时常从逻辑学的角度加以观察，但是却忽视了语言在受一般逻辑规律支配的同时，又有自身的规律，使得语言规律与逻辑规律既有相似性又有相异性。以双重否定为例。从逻辑学的角度来看，否定之否定就是肯定。正因如此，规定语法学家认为

5、：Ididn’tdonothing.正确的解释为:ItisnottruethatIdidnothing.或Ididsomething.但是，英语使用的现实却是这两种相互矛盾的语义都存在。语义的区别是通过语言的语音规律加以实现的。在前者，“didn’t”重读，而后者“didn’t不重读。再看下列例句：Allthechildrendidn’tsleep(Allthechildrenfailedtosleep.)Allthechildrendidn’tsleep.(Notallthechildrenfailedtosleep.)这两个话语在语义上的差异也是违反了传

6、统逻辑规律。语音规律的介入很好地解决了这一问题：Allthechildrendidn’tˋsleep.(重音落在sleep上，且使用降调)ˇAllthechildrendidn’tsleep.（重音落在all上，且使用降升调）超切分特征不仅影响到对句子中的各短语的否定与肯定，而且它还可以波及到整个从属分句。在大学英语精读课第三册"WhyITeach"一课中有这样一段话：Certainly,Idon'tteachbecauseteachingiseasyforme.TeachingisthemostdifficultofthevariouswaysIhavea

7、ttemptedtoearnmyliving:mechanic,carpenter,writer.1）Idon'tteachbecauseteachingiseasyforme.(Teachingiseasyforme,soIdon'tteach.)2)Idon'tteachbecauseteachingiseasyforme.(Iteach,butitisn'tbecauseteachingiseasyforme.)在这一例句中，"Idon'tteachbecauseteachingiseasyforme."在形式上允许两种语义的解释：两种语调单位对比如下

8、:1）Idon'tˇteachbecauseteac