Chapter 2 Speech sounds Phonetics.ppt

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1、Chapter2SpeechsoundsPart1PhoneticsLectureOverviewWhatisphonetics?SpeechOrgansConsonantsandvowelsConsonantsVowelsSomeotherrelatedconcepts1.Whatisphonetics?Thegeneralstudyofthecharacteristicsofspeechsoundsisphonetics.Itisconcernedwithallthesoundsthatoccurintheworld’slang

2、uages.Phoneticslooksatspeechsoundsfromthreedistinctbutrelatedpointsofview:articulatoryphonetics（发音语音学）auditoryphonetics（听觉语音学）acousticphonetics（声学语音学）Fromthespeaker’spointofview:howaspeakeruseshisspeechorganstoarticulatethesounds,whichresultsinarticulatoryphonetics.Fromt

3、hehearer’spointofview:howthesoundsareperceivedbythehearer,whichresultsinauditoryphonetics.Fromthewaysoundstravel:howsoundstravelbylookingatthesoundsaves,thephysicalmeansbywhichsoundsaretransmittedthroughtheairfromonepersontoanother,whichresultsinacousticphonetics.2.Theor

4、gansofspeech(发音器官)1.lips2.teeth3.teethridge(alveolus)4.Hardpalate5.softpalate(velum)6.uvula7.tipoftongue8.Bladeoftongue9.Backoftongue10.vocalcords11.pharynxcavity12.Nasalcavity2.Theorgansofspeech(发音器官)2.1Theinitiatoroftheair-streamlungs2.2Thevocalcords/vocalfolds(声带)Insi

5、dethelarynx(喉腔)p.26声带vocalcord，vocalband；又称声壁，发声器官的主要组成部分。位于喉腔中部，由声带肌、声带韧带和粘膜三部分组成，左右对称。声带的固有膜是致密结缔组织，在皱襞的边缘有强韧的弹性纤维和横纹肌，弹性大。两声带间的矢状裂隙为声门裂。发声时，两侧声带拉紧、声门裂缩小、甚至关闭，从气管和肺冲出的气流不断冲击声带，引起振动而发声，在喉内肌肉协调作用的支配下，使声门裂受到有规律性的控制。故声带的长短、松紧和声门裂的大小，均能影响声调高低。成年男子声带长而宽，女子声带短而狭，所以女子比男子声调高。青少

6、年14岁开始变音，一般要持续半年左右。p.27VoicelessSounds–vocalcordsareopen,VoicedSounds–vocalcordsareclosedTheglottalstop(喉塞音)–vocalcordsaretotallyclosed2.3Theresonatingcavities共振腔）/vocaltract(声道)Thepharynxcavity（咽腔）Thenasalcavity（鼻腔）Oralcavity(口腔)3.Consonantsandvowelsconsonants---a

7、nobstructionoftheairstreamsatsomepointofthevocaltractvowels---noobstructionsSemi-vowel/semi-consonant--/w/,/j/4.Consonants4.1Classificationofconsonants4.1.1Voicing4.1.2Placeofarticulation4.1.3Mannerofarticulation4.1.1Voicingvoicelessconsonantsvoicedconsonantsp.354.1.2Pla

8、ceofarticulationThepointwhereaconsonantismade.Wherearetheyproduced.bilabial(双唇音)labiodental(唇齿音)dental(