Chapter Two Speech Sounds

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1、ChapterTwoSpeechSoundsPhonetics(语音学)Whatisphoneticsabout?Branchesofphonetics.SpeechsoundsSpeechSounds1.Howspeechsoundsaremade?2.ClassificationofEnglishspeechsounds3.IPAPhonology(音系学)Whatisphonologyabout?PhonologicaltheoriesSomephonologicalrulesSuprasegmentalfeaturesPhonetics

2、(语音学)1Whatisphoneticsabout?Phoneticsstudiesspeechsounds,thatishowspeechsoundsareactuallyproduced,transmittedandperceived,thedescriptionandclassificationofspeechsounds,etc.2BranchesofphoneticsTheprocessofspeechproductionandperceptionairThespeakerairThehearerArticulatoryAcoust

3、icAuditoryArticulatoryphoneticsisthestudyoftheproductionofspeechsounds.(研究语音发音方式和发音位置的发声语音学)Acousticphoneticsisthestudyofthephysicalpropertiesofspeechsounds.(研究语音物理属性即声音质量的声响语音学)Auditoryorperceptualphoneticsisconcernedwiththeperceptionofspeechsounds.(研究语音生物属性即接收状态的听觉语言学)3Spe

4、echsounds(1)Howspeechsoundsaremade?*SpeechOrgans1)lips：上下唇2)teeth：上下齿3)teethridge(alveolus/alveolarridge)：齿龈4)hardpalate：硬腭5)softpalate(velum)：软腭velar:软腭的6)uvula：小舌7)tipoftongue：舌尖1)bladeoftongue：舌面2)backoftongue：舌根补充mandible：下颚骨larynx:喉pharynx:咽esophagus:食道epiglottis:会厌trac

5、hea/windpipe:气管glottis:声门3)vocalcords/fords/bands:声带Usevocalcordstochangetheair4)pharyngealcavity：咽腔5)nasalcavity：鼻腔lthethroat/larynxlthemouthlthenose所有这些发音器官都归结于以下三个“腔”lThepharyngealcavity（咽腔）lTheoralcavity（口腔）lThenasalcavity（鼻腔）Theoralcavitythetonguetheuvulathesoftpalate(v

6、elum)thehadpalatetheteethridge(thealveolus)theteeththelips所有的元音和一部分辅音是浊音，声带（vocalcords)是否振动就决定了一个音是清音（voiceless)还是浊音（voiced).(2)ClassificationofEnglishspeechsoundsEnglishConsonantsSpeechSoundsVowels★Intheprocessofproducingconsonantsandvowels,whethertheairstreamcomingfromthel

7、ungsmeetswithsomeobstructionornot.1)ThedefinitionofConsonantsandVowels:胡壮麟Vowels:Amajorcategory(范畴）ofsoundsegments,producedbyaclosureinthevocaltract（声道,orbyanarrowingwhichissomarkedthataircannotescapewithoutproducingaudiblefriction.Consonants:Inarticulatoryphonetics,aconsona

8、ntisaspeechsoundthatisarticulatedwithcompleteorpartialclosureoftheuppervoca