Chapter 2 Speech Sounds

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1、Chapter2SpeechSounds2.1SpeechproductionandperceptionPhoneticsisthestudyofspeechsounds.Itincludesthreemainareas:1.Articulatoryphonetics–thestudyoftheproductionofspeechsounds2.Acousticphonetics–thestudyofthephysicalpropertiesofthesoundsproducedinspeech3.Auditoryphonetics–thestudyofperceptionofspee

2、chsoundsMostphoneticiansareinterestedinarticulatoryphonetics.2.2SpeechorgansSpeechorgansarethosepartsofthehumanbodyinvolvedintheproductionofspeech.Thespeechorganscanbeconsideredasconsistingofthreeparts:theinitiatoroftheairstream,theproducerofvoiceandtheresonatingcavities.2.3Segments,divergences,

3、andphonetictranscription2.3.1SegmentsanddivergencesAstherearemoresoundsinEnglishthanitsletters,eachlettermustrepresentmorethanonesound.2.3.2PhonetictranscriptionInternationalPhoneticAlphabet(IPA):thesystemofsymbolsforrepresentingthepronunciationofwordsinanylanguageaccordingtotheprinciplesoftheIn

4、ternationalPhoneticAssociation.Thesymbolsconsistsoflettersanddiacritics.SomelettersaretakenfromtheRomanalphabet,somearespecialsymbols.2.4Consonants2.4.1ConsonantsandvowelsAconsonantisproducedbyconstrictingorobstructingthevocaltractatsomeplacestodivert,impede,orcompletelyshutofftheflowofairintheo

5、ralcavity.Avowelisproducedwithoutobstructionsonoturbulenceoratotalstoppingoftheaircanbeperceived.2.4.2ConsonantsThecategoriesofconsonantareestablishedonthebasisofseveralfactors.Themostimportantofthesefactorsare:1.theactualrelationshipbetweenthearticulatorsandthusthewayinwhichtheairpassesthroughc

6、ertainpartsofthevocaltract(mannerofarticulation);2.whereinthevocaltractthereisapproximation,narrowing,ortheobstructionoftheair(placeofarticulation).2.4.3Mannersofarticulation1.Stop/plosive:Aspeechsoundwhichisproducedbystoppingtheairstreamfromthelungsandthensuddenlyreleasingit.InEnglish,[p,ppppp]

7、arestopsand[p,pp]arenasalstops.2.Fricative:Aspeechsoundwhichisproducedbyallowingtheairstreamfromthelungstoescapewithfriction.Thisiscausedbybringingthetwoarticulators,e.g.theupperteethandthelowerlip,closetogetherbutnotclosese