Chapter 2现代语言学

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1、Chapter2Phonology音系学1.Thephonicmediumoflanguage语言的声音媒介Speechandwritingarethetwomediausedbynaturallanguagesasvehiclesforcommunication.Ofthetwomediaoflanguage,speechismorebasicthanwriting.Speechispriortowriting.Thewritingsystemofanylanguageisalways“invented”byitsuserstorecordspeechwhe

2、ntheneedarises.Forlinguists,thestudyofsoundsisofgreaterimportancethanthatofwriting.Thelimitedrangesofsoundswhicharemeaningfulinhumancommunicationandareofinteresttolinguisticstudiesarethephonicmediumoflanguage(语言的声音媒介).Theindividualsoundswithinthisrangearethespeechsounds（语音）.2．Whatis

3、phonetics?什么是语音学？Phoneticsisdefinedasthestudyofthephonicmediumoflanguage；Itisconcernedwithallthesoundsthatoccurintheworld’slanguages.语音学研究的对象是语言的声音媒介，即人类语言中使用的全部语音。Therearethreebranchesofphonetics.Theyare:Articulatoryphonetics（发音语音学）,itstudiesthespeechsoundsfromthespeaker’spointofvi

4、ew.Itstudieshowaspeakeruseshisspeechorganstoarticulatethesounds.Auditoryphonetics（听觉语音学），itstudiesthespeechsoundsfromthehearer’spointofview.Itstudieshowthesoundsareperceivedbyhehearer.Acousticphonetics（声学语音学），itstudiesthespeechsoundsbylookingatthesoundwaves.Itstudiesthephysicalmeans

5、bywhichspeechsoundsaretransmittedthroughtheairfromonepersontoanother.Organsofspeech发音器官Thepharyngealcavity咽腔thethroatTheoralcavity口腔themouthThenasalcavity鼻腔thenoseTheairstreamcomingfromthelungsmaybemodifiedinthesecavitiesinmanyways.Itmayalsobemodifiedinthelarynx(喉)beforeitreachesany

6、ofthecavities.Lyingacrosstheglottis(声门)arethevocalcords(声带).Vibrationofthevocalcordsresultsinaqualityofspeechsoundscalled“voicing”.Thespeedofthevibrationdeterminesthepitchofthesound.Thetongueisthemostflexibleintheoralcavity.3.Orthographicrepresentationofspeechsounds–broadandnarrowtr

7、anscriptions语音的书写形式－宽式和窄式音标IPA-InternationalPhoneticAlphabet国际音标Therearetwowaystotranscribespeechsounds.Oneisthetranscriptionwithletter-symbols(字母符号)only,calledbroadtranscription(宽式音标).Theotheristhetranscriptionwithletter-symbolstogetherwiththediacritics(变音符号),callednarrowtranscript

8、ion(窄式音标).实例：对pit/s