现代语言学chapter 10

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1、Chapter10LanguageAcquisition语言习得1.Firstlanguageacquisition第一语言习得a)Thebiologicalbasisoflanguageacquisition语言习得的生物基础Languageacquisitionisageneticallydeterminedcapacitythatallhumansareendowedwith.Humanisbiologicallyprogrammedtoacquireatleastonelanguage.Anychildwh

2、oiscapableofacquiringsomeparticularhumanlanguageiscapableofacquiringanyhumanlanguagespontaneouslyandeffortlessly.语言习得是全人类均具备的通过遗传而得来的能力。人生来就具备一种天赋，或一种生物机制，使他们至少能习得一种语言。儿童只要能习得某种人类语言，它就能本能而轻松地习得任何人类语言。b)Languageacquisitionastheacquisitionofgrammaticalrules语言习得即

3、语法规则的习得Languageacquisitionisprimarilytheacquisitionofthegrammaticalsystemoflanguage.Itdoesn’tmeanthateveryspecificruleallowedbythegrammaticalsystemofalanguagemustbeacquired.Whatisactuallyacquiredbyyoungchildrenaresomegeneralprinciplethatarefundamentaltothegram

4、maticalityofspeech.语言习得主要是语言的语法体系的习得。这并不意味着必须习得一种语言的语法体系的所有规则。儿童习得的是一些一般的原则，这些原则使口头语能合乎语法的基础。c)Theroleofinputandinteraction语言输入与交流的作用Althoughhumanbeingsaregeneticallypredeterminedtoacquirelanguage,thisgeneticpredispositionisnotasufficientconditionforlanguagede

5、velopment.Forlanguagetobeeventuallyacquired,childrenmustbeprovidedwithanappropriatelinguisticenvironmentwhichtheyhaveaccesstolanguagedataandopportunitiestointeractwiththeinput.虽然人的语言习得的能力是由遗传决定的，但这种先天遗传并不是语言发展的充分条件。要最终习得语言必须给儿童提供适当的环境，使儿童可以接触到语言信息并有机会用输入的语言进行交

6、流。d)Theroleofinstruction语言教学的作用Forthevastmajorityofchildren,languagedevelopmentoccursspontaneouslyandrequireslittleconsciousinstruction.Infact,parentsoftenfailintheirattempttoteachchildrengrammaticalrules.对绝大多数儿童而言，语言发展是本能进行的，几乎不需要成人刻意的传授。事实上，父母向儿童传授语法规则徒劳无益。e

7、)Theroleofcorrectionandreinforcement纠错与强化的作用Correctionandreinforcementarenotkeyfactorsinchildlanguagedevelopment.Reinforcementhasbeenfoundtooccurusuallyinchildren’spronunciationorreportingofthetruthfulnessofutterances,ratherthaninthegrammaticalityofsentences.纠

8、错和强化并不是儿童语言发展的主要因素。强化通常出现在儿童的发音和转述事实方面，而不是句子的语法方面。a)Theroleofimitation模仿的作用Selectiveimitationsuggeststhatchildrendonotblindlymimicadultspeechinaparrotfashion,butratherexploititinve