国外心理学史2课件hock8

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1、WhatYouExpectIsWhatYouGetStefanyHoldsworthMariahWolfGoeunNaLindzeeNewsomJamesDeahlIntelligence,CognitionandMemorySelf-fulfillingprophecy=ifweexpectsomethingtohappeninacertainway,ourexpectationwilltendtomakeitso.Ideaofself-fulfillingprophecyfirststartedin1

2、911with“CleverHans.”Mr.vonOstenIntelligence,CognitionandMemoryExperimenterexpectancy:RobertRosenthal“Maze-Bright”rats“Maze-Dull”ratsIntroducedhowbiasescanoccuroutsidethelaboratory“PygmalionEffect”Intelligence,CognitionandMemoryMethodIncooperationwithOakSc

3、hoolAdministration:Grades1-6giveIQtestTestsofGeneralAbility:TOGANonverbaltestsothestudent’sscoreswouldn’tdependuponschool-learnedskillsandonethattheteachersattheschoolwerenotfamiliarwith.Intelligence,CognitionandMemoryStudyDesignTestgivenatthebeginningoft

4、heyear.Teachersweretoldthestudentsweregiventhe“HarvardTestofInflictedAcquisition.”Thedeceptionwasimportanttogiveteacherscertainexpectationsfromthestudents.Intelligence,CognitionandMemoryTeachersweregiventhenamesofthestudentsthathadscoredinthetop20%oftheHa

5、rvardtest.KeytotheStudy:Students’nameswerepurelychosenatrandomforthissample(experimentalgroup).Onlydifferencebetweenthesechildrenandtheothers(controlgroup)isthattheyhadbeenidentifiedbytheteachersasonesthatwouldshowunusualintellectualgains.Intelligence,Cog

6、nitionandMemoryNeartheendoftheschoolyear,studentsweregiventheTOGAtestonceagain.ThedegreeinchangeofI.Q.wascalculatedforeachchild.Differencesinthecontrolandexperimentalgroupcouldthenbeexaminedtoseeiftheexpectancyeffecthadbeencreatedinareal-worldsetting.Inte

7、lligence,CognitionandMemoryResultsFortheentireschool,thechildrenforwhomtheteachersexpectedgreaterintellectualgrowthaveragedsignificantlygreaterimprovementthandidthecontrolchildren.Intelligence,CognitionandMemoryDiscussionAsRosenthalsuspected,theteacher’se

8、xpectationsoftheirstudents’behaviorbecameaself-fulfillingprophecy.Rosenthalsuggestedtheimportanceofwhytheself-fulfillingprophecywasnotdemonstratedinthehighergradelevels.Intelligence,CognitionandMemory1.Youngerchildr