国外心理学史2hock8ppt课件

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1、WhatYouExpectIsWhatYouGetStefanyHoldsworthMariahWolfGoeunNaLindzeeNewsomJamesDeahlIntelligence,CognitionandMemorySelf-fulfillingprophecy=ifweexpectsomethingtohappeninacertainway,ourexpectationwilltendtomakeitso.Ideaofself-fulfillingprophecyfirststartedin1911with“CleverHans.”Mr.vonOstenInte

2、lligence,CognitionandMemoryExperimenterexpectancy:RobertRosenthal“Maze-Bright”rats“Maze-Dull”ratsIntroducedhowbiasescanoccuroutsidethelaboratory“PygmalionEffect”Intelligence,CognitionandMemoryMethodIncooperationwithOakSchoolAdministration:Grades1-6giveIQtestTestsofGeneralAbility:TOGANonver

3、baltestsothestudent’sscoreswouldn’tdependuponschool-learnedskillsandonethattheteachersattheschoolwerenotfamiliarwith.Intelligence,CognitionandMemoryStudyDesignTestgivenatthebeginningoftheyear.Teachersweretoldthestudentsweregiventhe“HarvardTestofInflictedAcquisition.”Thedeceptionwasimportan

4、ttogiveteacherscertainexpectationsfromthestudents.Intelligence,CognitionandMemoryTeachersweregiventhenamesofthestudentsthathadscoredinthetop20%oftheHarvardtest.KeytotheStudy:Students’nameswerepurelychosenatrandomforthissample(experimentalgroup).Onlydifferencebetweenthesechildrenandtheother

5、s(controlgroup)isthattheyhadbeenidentifiedbytheteachersasonesthatwouldshowunusualintellectualgains.Intelligence,CognitionandMemoryNeartheendoftheschoolyear,studentsweregiventheTOGAtestonceagain.ThedegreeinchangeofI.Q.wascalculatedforeachchild.Differencesinthecontrolandexperimentalgroupcoul

6、dthenbeexaminedtoseeiftheexpectancyeffecthadbeencreatedinareal-worldsetting.Intelligence,CognitionandMemoryResultsFortheentireschool,thechildrenforwhomtheteachersexpectedgreaterintellectualgrowthaveragedsignificantlygreaterimprovementthandidthecontrolchildren.Intelligence,CognitionandMemor

7、yDiscussionAsRosenthalsuspected,theteacher’sexpectationsoftheirstudents’behaviorbecameaself-fulfillingprophecy.Rosenthalsuggestedtheimportanceofwhytheself-fulfillingprophecywasnotdemonstratedinthehighergradelevels.Intelligence,CognitionandMemory1.Youngerchildr