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1、I’mwritingthesewordsinYork,thecityinwhich,twocenturiesago,theBritishjusticesystemmetedoutharshpunishments—includingexecution—tomenfoundguiltyofparticipatinginLudditeattacksonspinningandweavingmachines.Byacuriouscoincidence,I’vejustreadWalterIsaacson’sarticleintheFTexp
2、laininghowwrong-headedtheLudditeswere.I’mnotsosure.这篇文章是我在约克写下的。两个世纪以前，在这座城市，英国司法系统对捣毁纺纱机和编织机的卢德分子（卢德(Luddite)是19世纪初捣毁机器的英国手工业者——译者注）处以严厉惩罚——包括极刑。因为一个奇怪的巧合，我刚刚阅读了沃尔特•艾萨克森(WalterIsaacson)在英国《金融时报》上发表的文章，他在文中解释了卢德分子的观念如何错误。我对此不是很肯定。“Backthen,somebelievedtechnologywouldc
3、reateunemployment,”writesIsaacson.“Theywerewrong.”“当时，一些人认为技术会造成失业，”艾萨克森写道，“他们错了。”Nodoubtsuchbefuddledpeopledidexist,andtheystilldotoday.Butthisisastrawman:wecanallsee,asIsaacsondoes,thattechnologyhasmadeusricherwhileemploymentisashighasever.(Theleastappreciatedjob-cr
4、eatinginventionmaywellhavebeenthewashingmachine,whichhelpedturnhousewivesintowomenwithsalaries.)毫无疑问，当时确实存在这样的糊涂人，今天也一样。但这是显而易见的：就像艾萨克森那样，我们都能看到，技术让我们更富有，同时就业也保持在高水平。（在创造就业的发明中，洗衣机大概是最未受赏识的一项，它使家庭主妇能够成为领薪水的职业女性。）TheLudditesthemselveshadamoresubtleviewthanIsaacsonsugge
5、sts,andonewhichisasrelevantasever.Theybelievedthatthemachineswerealteringeconomicpowerinthetextileindustry,favouringfactoryownersandlow-skilledlabourersattheexpenseofskilledcraftsmen.Theywantedtodefendtheirinterestsandtheydidsoviolently.AsthehistorianEricHobsbawmputit
6、,theirframe-breakingactivitywas“collectivebargainingbyriot”and“simplyatechniqueoftradeunionism”inthedaysbeforeformalunionsexisted.卢德分子的观点比艾萨克森描述的更加细腻，也一如既往地相关。他们相信，机器改变了纺织业的经济实力格局，让工厂主和低技能劳动者受益，牺牲了技术熟练的手工艺人。他们想要捍卫自己的利益，并为此采取了暴力的方式。就如历史学家埃里克•霍布斯鲍姆(EricHobsbawm)所说的，他们打破
7、既定模式的行动相当于“通过暴乱形式进行的集体谈判”，相当于正式公会出现之前的“工会主义手法”。Toputitanotherway,theLudditesweren’tidiotswhothoughtthatmachineswoulddestroyjobsingeneral;theywereskilledworkerswhothoughtthatmachineswoulddevaluetheirspecificjobsandtheirspecificskills.Theywererightaboutthat,20currencyde
8、posit,weprescribeapassonaregularbasis,qilucardaccountonaregularbasis),certificatebondsandsavingsbonds(electronic);3.notdrawn
