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浅谈英语长句的汉语翻译[Abstract]TheaimofthisessayistotellushoontypesofEnglishlongsentencesareclassifiedintheessay,anditalsoexplainsethodsintranslatinglongEnglishsentence.Inconclusionpart,uchaspossible,andalsomentionsthesimilareaning,structureandlogic,andeofpracticetoperfect.HoademoredifficultandplexbyfrequentappearanceoflongsentencesinthetakeslongsentencesdifficulttotranslateisthefactthatChineseandEnglishmenhavedifferentthinkinghabit,phasisofthisessayisonaparisonbetethodstobeusedinlongsentencetranslationandviceversa.2.parisonbetontypesoflongsentencesinEnglishGenerally,therearevarioustypesoflongsentences,ontypeoflongsentenceisoneodifythenoun.Attributiveclauses,althoughsharingthesimilarityofbeingmodifiers,aredifferentaccordingtotheirrelationshipainclause,andcanbedividedintoseveraltypes.(i).Attributiveclausesuggestingcauseoreffect Animportanttypeofattributiveclauseistheonesthatsuggestcauseoreffect.Intranslatingalongsentenceainclause-ainclause-shouldbedeterminedfirst.Then,basedonitsfunction,aproperconjunctiveiningtherelationshipfirstisthatEnglishisalanguageberofdifferentstructurestoshoployedshopletoclarifytheprocess,(1)Theimprovementinhishealthresultedfromthephysicalexerciseshedideverymorning.Inthissentence,theattributiveclauseis“hedideverymorning”.Afterreadingthesentence,provementinhealth”,thus,inEnglishChinesetranslationainclause,ThisEnglishsentencecanbetranslateinChinese,因为他每天早晨都锻炼，所以身体好了很多。(ii).AttributiveclausesuggestingtimeAttributiveclausesometimesisusedtoshoainclause.Intranslatingthistypeofattributiveclauses,ananalysisoftherelationshipbetainandattributiveclausesisnecessarysoastochooseaproperChineseequivalenceofthee.Inthissentence,theattributiveclause“e”canbe regardedasthetimeainclausetookplace.Asaresult,eadverbialclause,andtheChineseequivalenceofthee.(iii).AttributiveclausesuggestingtransitionturnAttributiveclausecanalsobeusedtosuggesttransitionturn.Inthiscase,theChineseequivalenceoftheebackaftertebackaftertainclause,soitisequaltothissentenceinmeaning“Hedidn’tebackafterte,placeorreasonofthemainclauses.Adverbialclausescanbeputeitherbeforeorafterthemainclauses,andthespecificrelationshipbetainclauseandtheadverbialclausecanbeeasilyidentifiedbecausetherelationshipisclearlysuggestedbythedifferente,andonepliescause.paredostlyputaheadofthemainclausesinChinese.ainclauseaccordingtothemonakespoundsentencesdifferentfromotherlongsentencesisthatthetportantroleinthesentence.poundsentencesusuallysuggestasequenceofactionsthattakeplaceoneafteranother,andtheostlymonlyusedtoconnectthet. Afterreadingthissentence,themeaningisquiteapparenttousbecausethestructureofpoundsentencesisthesameasthatofmostChinesesentences.Naturally,intranslatingpoundsentences,ainsentenceanditsfunctioninaneffortthatthetranslatedversionpliesorning,merorilarly,intranslatingthissentence,puttheparenthesis“merorainsentence“Hegetsupearlyeverymorningtodoexercises.”2.2DifferencesinEnglishandChinesesentencestructures2.2.1Differenceinphasisonthenaturalorderoftheverbsaccordingtothetimetheactionstakeplace.Forexample,(7)Tragediescanbeple,(8)Hebegantoreadabookafterhavingsupper.Afterreadingthissentence,er.SointranslatingEnglishsentencefirstcarefullyfindoutthetimesequenceoftheverbs,andthenputthemintoChineseaccordingtothetimesequence,asistheChineseaybedefinedasaconnectingeotherred ontheoutsidetovioletontheinside.彩虹有多种颜色，外圈红，内圈紫。”[8]P50-51Englishsentencescannotitpreposition.2.2.3DifferenceinrelativepronounRelativepronounisaveryimportantpartinEnglish,butinChinesethere’renosuch,phasisonmeaning,uchmoreattentiontostructureandlogicofthesentence.Areader,usttryhardtofindoutitsmeaning,butthemeaningofEnglishsentencesismuchclearerbecauseitsstructuremakesthemeaningquiteclear.”[9]P53/58(11)Hesteppedrightinafterthem,likeitornot,andheinedthatnothingasprettyasgoodmannersshouldkeephimfromachanceofenlightenment.他不管人家欢迎不欢迎，紧跟着他们走了进去。什么礼貌不礼貌，他顾不得这一套了。他决心不错过这个机会，把心里的问题弄明白。Adetailedparisonbeteachother.2.2.5Differentrelationofclauses“AnotherbigdifferencebetorefrequentuseofclausesinEnglishthaninChinese.ThestructureofanEnglishsentencecanbeparedtoa “grapevine”,eansthatmanyesequence,eachplayingequallyimportantroleintheChinesesentence.”[10]P43(12)Lily,e,akesherparentsquitepuzzled.莉莉在学校里非常活跃，但一回到家却变得很安静，这让她的父母感到很迷惑。IntheaboveEnglishsentences,therearetodifytentsinthesentence,portantandeoneafteranotherintimesequence.3.StepsandmethodsinlongEnglishsentencetranslationLongsentencesmakeupalargeportioninEnglish,andthereareseveralreasonsforitsfrequentappearance.3.1ReasonsforfrequentappearanceoflongEnglishsentences3.1.1FrequentuseofmodifiersparedodifiersaremuchmorefrequentlyusedinEnglish,suchasattributiveclauses,adverbialclausesandappositives.ButinChinese,thespecificnounsarenotmodified,butareexplainedbyemployinganotherindependentsentence. (13)Thesestudents,e,berofcustomerseveryday.Themainstructureofthissentenceis“thestudentsadelongbytheuseoftodifytheeaningployinganysubordinateclauses.3.1.2plexstructures“paredesequence,EnglishsentencesaremuchmoreplexainstructureoflongEnglishsentences,soitisnecessaryandquitehelpfultolearnthesegmentsthatmakethesimplesentenceslong.”[11]P61(14)He,insteadofstandingback,inastonishmentasent.ThisisatypicallongEnglishsentencemarisboundtofailtounderstanditsmeaning.Tounderstandlongsentences,astudyofEnglishgrammarisrequired,andalargeamountofreadingofalltypesofarticlesinEnglishisalsoveryhelpful.3.2Typesoflongsentencesostfrequentlyused.Generally,longsentencesfrequentlyappearinofficialdocuments,scientificreports,andneentsThereasonentsisthatlongsentencesaremore formalparedentsmustbealtoneandstyle.Forexample,(15)“Anyclause,covenantoragreementinacontractofcarriagerelievingthecarrierortheshipfromliabilityforlessordamageto,orinconnectionnegligence,fault,orfailureindutiesandobligationsprovidedinthisarticleorlesseningsuchliabilityotherentsLongsentencesalsomakeupalargeportioninscientificdocument,suchastechnologyspecifications.ple.(iii).Nealtypesofarticles,suchasarticlesaboutpolitics,economy,sports,economyandcultureusealotoflongsentencesnormally.Forexample,(17)“TheChinaBandingRegulatorymission(CBRC)alsosaidonFridaymorereformmeasuresareinthepipelinethisyear,includingpressingaheadsoftheIndustrialandmercialBankofChina(ICBC),broadeningreformsofruralcreditcooperationand initiatingkeyreformmeasurestothepostalsavingssystem.”[14]P4ThereasonforfrequentappearanceoflongsentencesinEnglishhasbeenanalyzed.ThenononstepsandmethodsintranslatinglongEnglishsentences.Generally,thestepstakenshouldbe,first,understandingthestructureandmeaningofthesentencecorrectly,and,second,expressingoutthesamemeaninginChineseinanaturalakethetranslationprocessmucheasier.3.3.1Understanding“Understandingisthefirstandalsothemostimportantstepintranslationoflongsentences.Aslongsentencesareusuallyquitehardtounderstandbecauseoftheirbeingplex,correctunderstandingoftheoriginalsentenceisdirectlylinkedtocorrecttranslationeaningoftheoriginalsentence.TounderstandalongEnglishsentencethusrequiresananalysisofthemainstructure,theexactmeaningofspecificisunderstood,distinguishingthemainclausesfromthesubordinateclauses,identifyingthelogicofdifferentsegmentsineach clause,and,finallyandmostimportantly,findingoutthecorrectmeaningofthesentence.”[15]P13(i).Findoutthe“trunk”ofthesentenceBy“trunk”,eanthemainstructureoftheainstructureofthesentenceisquiteimportantbecausethisoftenhelpsthereaderidentifyodifyainstructureofsentenceincludessubject,verbandobject(ifthereisanyobjectinthesentence).Asubjectisalustcontainasubjectandaverb,andtheobjectcanbeomittedifnotneeded.ethodsintranslatinglongEnglishsentences”[18]P149-158Besidesknooreimportant,perhaps,istomasterthemethodsandskillsintranslatinglongsentences.ZhangPeijiinhisbookACourseinEnglish-ChineseTranslationshoesentencesinEnglisharethesameinakingthetranslationprocessrelativelyeasier.(22)BeforeIhadmydinner,Iyunclehadeback.Inthissentence,“beforeIhadmydinner”isatimeadverbialclause.InChinese,thetimeadverbialclauseisusuallyputatthebeginningofthisadverbialclause.InChinese,thetimeadverbialclauseisusuallyputatthebeginningof asentence,sothetranslatedversionofthisadverbialclausedonotneedtobechangedtoanotherposition.Thus,thetranslateversionshouldbe“吃饭之前，我出去看看叔叔有没有回来。”(23)Heknockedatthedoor,and,havingheardnosoundfrominside,begantoshout.Inthissentence,therearethreeverbs:“knock”,“hear”,and“shout”.Afterreadingthissentence,esequence,asistheen,differentinChinesesentences.SomesentencesarepletelyreversedaccordingtoChinesegrammar.Translatingthesesentences,asaresult,requiresthetranslator,first,toputthereversedsegmentsinthenormalorderbasedonChinesegrammar.Thisiscalledreversetranslation.(24)Hepickedupthebookhismothergavehim.Thissentencecontainsanattributiveclausetomodifythenoun“thebook”,butodifiersaregenerallyputbeforethenounitmodifies.So,inthetranslatedsentence,theattributiveclauseshouldbeputbeforethenoun.Homar.Thedetailsofthiskindoftranslationpleis“ 他拿起了妈妈给他的那本书。”3.4.3Reverse-and-obversetranslationSomesentencesinEnglishcontainboththesegmentsthatarethesameinents,ershouldbetranslatedbyusingobversetranslation,andthelattershouldemployreversetranslation.Bothreverseandobversetranslationshouldbeemployedtotranslatedifferentpartsofthesentence.(25)AsTomisatpresentshouldbeofmuchhelptohim.Inthissentence,“AsTomisatpresentshouldbeofmuchhelptohim”istheeffect,sothesentencestructureingeneralisthesameasaChinesesentence.Hoodifythenoun“book”.Ashasbeendiscussedbefore,theattributiveclauseshouldbeputbeforethenounitmodifies.Inthiscase,bothobverseandreversetranslationisusedintranslatingthissentence.Thetranslatedsentenceis“他正在写报告，所以你给他的那本书一定对他有帮助。”MostofthelongsentencesinEnglishareofthistype,thatis,requiringbothobverseandreverse translation.So,itisrequiredofthetranslatortofirstanalyzethestructureofthesentenceandthenunderstandthemeaningofthesentence.Theneststepistotranslatethesentenceinthecorrectorderandinthemonainclauseinmeaning.Generally,theattributiveclausecanbetranslatedasaseparatesentencefromthemainclause,oritcanbetranslatedasanadverbialclause.(26)Hedecidedtogotothemarket,hishome,sohetookataxi.Inthissentence,theclause,“hishome”isusedtomodifythenoun“themarket”,butitisnotsocloselyrelatedtothemainclauseinmeaning.Rather,itcanberegardedasaturningpointinthesentence,soitcanbeseparatedfromthemainclause.Sothetranslatedversionis“他决定去那个市场，而那个市场离他家很远，所以他打了车去。”(27)Hechoosetheredoneeeadverbialclause.Besides,intranslatingthissentence,atransitionalaketheakingtheainclauseshouldbetranslatedandputbeforethenounasmodifiers,andthoseattributiveclausesthatarenotusedto modifythenounandainclauseshouldbetranslatedasadverbialclauses.3.4.5TranslationbyrearrangementoftheoriginalsentenceTherearesomesentencesinEnglish,especiallyinlaentsandtechnologydocuments,ustbechangedinorderthattheChineseversionshouldplymaticalrules.Thiskindoftranslationisachievedbyrearrangementoftheoriginalsentence.(29)PetrahadbeetheleaderofthegirlsassoonasshesnappedoutofheroriginaldepressionatingtoPrague.Thissentencecontainsfourverbs-eto“Prague,depress,snapoutofthedepression,andbecametheleader.”InChinese,thefourverbsshouldbearrangedintimesequence,sotheorderoftheverbsshouldbe“etoPrague,depress,snapoutandbeetheleader.”Sothetranslatedversionshouldbe“佩德到了布拉格，原是满怀抑郁，后来变得开心起来，就立刻成了女孩子们中间的领袖。”(30)Icouldn’tbeataboytomebecausehethoughtI’dbekindtohim. Inthissentence,therearetodifythenoun“theboy”,andthere’sanadverbialclauseindicatingthereasonofthesecondattributiveclause,and,ore,”.Hoeaningsinthissentence,andeaningsintimesequence.Thus,theordershouldbe:first,“hehadn’tgotarelationinthe”;third,“thefatherlefthimtome”;fourth,“Icouldn’tbeataboy.”So,thetranslatedversionis:一个举目无亲的孩子，而且他父亲当初是认为我会待他好才把孩子托给我的，我总不能打他吧。So,thegeneralprincipleintranslatinglongEnglishsentenceeaning,rearrangethesentencestructureandexpressthemeaningoutingoodChineselanguage.TheabovearethegeneralmethodsthatshouldbeusedintranslatinglongEnglishsentencesintoChinese.Agoodtranslator,hoethodsinbinationostexperiencedtranslators,somuchpracticeisneededbeforeatranslatorcanreallybeateaseanyaspossibleEnglishandChinesebooksinallfieldsinordertobefamiliarethodsintranslatinglongEnglishsentencesintoChinese, hoethodsoftranslatinglongChinesesentencesintoEnglisharethesameasthoseinEnglish-Chinesetranslation.Thereforeabriefdiscussionilarlytheteaningandstructureofthesentencerequiresthetranslatortoanalyzethemainstructureofthesentence,tofindouttherelationsoftheclauses,andtogetthegeneralideaofthesentence；Expressionmeanstoexpressthemeaninginanaturalodifythetranslatedversiontomaintaintheoriginalstyleofthesentence.Bibliography[1]张道真.实用英语语法(1995年修订重印本)[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,1996[2]罗艳秀.英语长句翻译技巧[J].黄山学院学报,2005,2,7(1)[3]章振邦.新编英语语法教程第三版学生用书[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,2002[4]张培基.英汉翻译教程[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,2002[5]同[1][6]同[1][7]林大津.跨文化交际研究——与英美人交往指南[M]. 福州:福建人民出版社,1996[8]连淑能.英汉对比研究[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2002[9]同[8][10]王治奎、温洪瑞等.大学英汉翻译教程[M].山东:山东大学出版社,1998[11]邓红顺.从英汉词序差异看长句翻译[J].株洲师范高等专科学校学报,2001,8,6(4)[12]同[10][13]陈桂琴.科技英语长句翻译方法例析[J].中国科技翻译.2005,8,18(3)[14]Janecheng,Chinaoutlaws[z].ChinaDaily,Jan22—23,2005.5[15]同[10][16]张雁.英汉长句翻译教学探讨[J].宁波工程学院学报,2005,6,17(2)[17]同[10][18]同[4]
