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1、Encyclopediaofearlycinema420HHäfker,Hermannb.1873;d.1939reformer,theorist,GermanyHäfkerwasthemostvisibleleaderandtheoristofthelooselyorganizedfilmreformmovementinGermany.Hisarticlesandmonographsdatingfrom1908areamongtheearliestseriousconsiderationsofcinema’sculturalsigni
2、ficanceandaestheticpotential.Offendedbytheseedinessofstorefronttheatersandthegenerallackof“taste”incommercialfilmproduction,filmreformerssoughtto“uplift”cinemabyofferingfilmsthatreflectedmiddle-classsensibilitiesin“tasteful”alternativevenues.Häfker’sownspeciallyorganized
3、screeningsemphasizedexplicitrulesofattentivespectatorshipandcareful,aestheticpresentation,thusanticipatingmostcurrentfilmexhibitionstandards.SCOTTCURTISHaggar,Williamb.1856;d.1925exhibitor,filmmaker,GreatBritainBornofafairgroundfamily,andaprominentshowman,WilliamHaggarbe
4、cameoneofthemostdistinguishedofpre-1910Britishfilmmakers.Fourofthe35filmshemadebetween1902and1908areextant,includingtheinfluentialchasefilmADesperatePoachingAffray(1903)andTheLifeofCharlesPeace(1905),afictionalversionofarealcriminal’sexploits.Notedfortheirenergy,resource
5、fulediting,andstagingindepth,Haggar’sfilmsspannedcomedy,chaseandtrickfilmsaswellastruncatedversionsofhisownstagemelodramas.TheyweremainlyreleasedbyBritishGaumontandCharlesUrbanTradingCompanyinBritain;atleastsevenweredistributedintheUSA.DAVEBERRYEntriesA-Z421Hale’sToursGe
6、orgeC.HaleintroducedHale’sToursandScenesoftheWorldatthe1904SaintLouisexposition.Hissuccessledtoa1905summerseasonattheKansasCityElectricPark.WithpartnerFredGifford,Haletookouttwopatentsandlicensedtheillusionrailroadridetoexhibitors.In1906,HaleandGiffordsoldtherightseastof
7、PittsburghtoWilliamA.BradyofNewYorkandEdwardB.GrossmannofChicagoandthesouthernstatesrightstoWells,Dunne&HarlanofNewYork.TheysoldadditionallicensestoC.W.ParkerCo.ofAbilene,Kansas,fortravelingcarnivalcompanies,andthePacific-Northweststaterightstoagroupofmenwhoincorporateda
8、s“TheNorthwestHale’sTouristAmusementCompany”inPortland,Oregon.Licensesweresoldabroadaswellforseveralyea
