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1、Encyclopediaofearlycinema812SsaloonsLocatedonstreetcorners,onthegroundflooroftenements,closetofactoriesandbusinesses,saloonswerethemostcommon“poorman’sclubs”beforetheemergenceofmovingpictures.Theyprovidedaninexpensivespaceforinformalsocializationandhomosocial,evenrowdy,cam
2、araderie.Inaddition,incontrasttootherworking-classsocialvenues(fraternalsocieties,mutualbenefitassociations,andbarbershops),saloonsofferedmuch-soughtalcoholicindulgences,thefavoritemedicineamonglow-wageearnersagainstthefrustrationsofpoverty,toil,andlife’sinsecurities.Forim
3、migrants,theyalsoconstitutedaspacetogatherinformationtofindjobsortobettertheiradjustmentintheNewWorld.ForotherAmericans,however,saloonswereviceresorts,arepositoryforaddiction,crime,gambling,andprostitution.Inthe1890s,civicgroups,moralreformersandreligiousorganizationsforme
4、dtheAnti-SaloonLeagueandmountedfierceanti-drinkcampaigns.Whatthesecrusadesindeeddisplayedwerebroaderanxietiesovertherisingcommercializationofworking-class’leisuretime,occurringinsuchpublicvenuesasmelodramatheaters,vaudevillehouses,dancehalls,amusementparks,andeventuallynic
5、kelodeons.Withtheprogressiverationalizationofindustriallabor,drinking(onandoffthejob)wastobebanished.Thesaloonbecameadesignatedtarget.Furthermore,populationchangesandthecontinuedincreaseinmoviehousesunderminedthetraditionalneighborhoodbarroom.Movingpicturetheaterscoulddraw
6、thecasualpasserbyandprovideagender-blindformofentertainmentthatsuitedthetemperance-inspiredmiddle-classpreferenceforfamilyamusements.Inreaction,afewolderestablishmentsturnedintocabarets,employingscantilydressedfemaledancers,whileothersopeneddancefloorsoraddedliveentertainm
7、entonsmallstages.Inafewcases,barkeepsboughtnickelodeonsinadjoiningbuildingtocontrolbothbusinesses.Forinstance,inChicago,writesPerryDuis,in1910“saloonkeepingwasthelargestoccupationalgroupofthoseenteringthetheaterbusiness.”Followingalongbutrecentlyrevampedtraditionofsongsand
8、playspraisingabstinence,movingpicturessoughttopersuadetheanti-drinkmovementthatmovie-goin
