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1、Encyclopediaofearlycinema322FFabre,Marcelb.1886;d.1929actor,ItalyOriginallyacircusclownfromSpain,MarcelFabrebeganhisfilmcareerwithshortcomediesatÉclairandPathé-Frères.Hiredin1910byAmbrosioastheanswertoCines’Tontolini(FerdinandoGuillaume)andItala’sCretinetti(AndréDeed),hebe
2、cameinternationallyknownasRobinet(France,Spain),Nauke(Germany),andTweedledum(Britain,USA).HiscompanioninthiscomicserieswasNildeBaracchi,knownasRobinette.Robinetwasatallandclumsytype,ashamelesslibertine,afigureinvolvedinwildanddestructivechasesoftentriggeredbyill-useofmoder
3、nmeansoftransportation.In1914,Fabre—whoalsodirectedatAmbrosio—madethegrotesquefeature,SaturninoFarandola,basedonthesciencefictionnovelbyRobida.IVOBLOMfacialexpressionfilmsTheartofdistortingfacialfeaturesinagrotesquemannerplayedanessentialpartinpopularentertainmentsforcentu
4、ries:e.g.,fair/fairgroundfarcesandcircusclownacts.Closelyrelatedtocaricature,theseliveperformancescreatedeffectsfromhilaritytoterror.Talentedperformersorthoseendowedwithnaturallyexaggeratedfeaturesprovidedamobilearrayofuncannyfacialeffects.Earlycinemaofferedanewdimensionto
5、suchperformances:thepossibilityofenlargementwherebyfacialexpressionsfilledthescreen.Suchearly“close-ups”magnifiedfacesandconcentratedattention.Therefore,facialexpressionfilmscouldbeconsideredanearlyfilmgenrethatexploitedtheuniquedevicesofthecinema.Judgingnotonlybysurviving
6、printsbutalsobytheirfrequencyinearlyfilmcatalogues,facialexpressionfilmswereverypopular.ManyearlyfilmsfallintothiscategorysuchasEdison’sFacialExpressions(1902),orGoo-gooEyes(1903),whichshowperformersmakinggrotesqueexpressionsorrollingtheireyesinanunbelievablemanner.However
7、,weshouldalsoincludeinthecategorymanylessexaggeratedfilmsEntriesA-Z323whosecloseframing(sometimesa“bustshot”framingtheheadandchestratherthanjusttheface)showperformersintypicalactions,resemblingcharactersketches.Edison’sfamousearlyclose-upKinetoscopefilms,TheMayIrwinKiss(18
8、96)andFredOtt’sSneeze(1894),wouldprovideexamples,aswouldADullRazor(1900)orPathé-Frères’sM
